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Anatomy & Physiology: Microscopy, Cell Structure, and Cell Division

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Terms in this set (22)

  • What are the two main systems of a light microscope?
    The illuminating system (light source, condenser lens, iris diaphragm) and the imaging system (objective and ocular lenses, body tube, focusing knobs).
  • How is total magnification calculated in a compound light microscope?
    Total magnification = ocular magnification x objective magnification.
  • What happens to working distance as magnification increases?
    As magnification increases, the working distance decreases.
  • How does the diameter of the field of view change with magnification?
    As magnification increases, the diameter of the field of view decreases.
  • What is depth of field in microscopy?
    Depth of field is the thickness of a specimen in which all parts are in focus; it decreases with higher magnification.
  • What is the fundamental biological unit according to cell theory?
    The cell is the fundamental biological unit, the smallest and simplest structure possessing all characteristics of life.
  • What are the main components of the plasma membrane?
    The plasma membrane is a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins, steroids, and carbohydrates.
  • What is the function of the cytoskeleton?
    The cytoskeleton provides cell shape, support, and assists in movement of cell parts.
  • Name the three types of cytoskeletal protein fibers.
    Actin filaments (shape change), intermediate filaments (stability), and microtubules (organelle movement).
  • What is the role of ribosomes in the cell?
    Ribosomes are the sites of protein synthesis, either free in cytoplasm or bound to rough ER.
  • What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?
    The Golgi apparatus processes, packages, and secretes modified proteins and enzymes.
  • What is the difference between rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
    Rough ER has ribosomes and synthesizes proteins; smooth ER lacks ribosomes and synthesizes lipids and carbohydrates.
  • What is the function of mitochondria?
    Mitochondria produce 95% of the cell's ATP through cellular respiration.
  • What are lysosomes and their function?
    Lysosomes are vesicles containing digestive enzymes that break down macromolecules and damaged organelles.
  • What is the centrosome and its role in animal cells?
    The centrosome is the microtubule organizing center containing two centrioles; it organizes the mitotic spindle during cell division.
  • What are microvilli and their function?
    Microvilli are plasma membrane extensions containing microfilaments that increase surface area for absorption.
  • Describe the main phases of interphase in the cell cycle.
    G1: cell growth and organelle doubling; S: DNA replication; G2: protein synthesis for division.
  • What occurs during prophase of mitosis?
    Chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes, nucleolus disappears, nuclear envelope breaks down, and spindle fibers form.
  • What happens during metaphase in mitosis?
    Chromosomes align at the metaphase plate, attached to spindle fibers from opposite poles.
  • Describe anaphase in mitosis.
    Sister chromatids separate at centromeres and are pulled to opposite poles as daughter chromosomes.
  • What occurs during telophase of mitosis?
    Nuclear envelopes reform, chromosomes uncoil into chromatin, nucleoli reappear, and spindle fibers disappear.
  • What is cytokinesis and how does it occur in animal cells?
    Cytokinesis divides the cytoplasm by forming a cleavage furrow via a contractile ring of actin filaments, splitting the cell into two daughters.