Skip to main content
Back

Anatomy & Physiology Module 1 Study Guide

Control buttons has been changed to "navigation" mode.
1/26

Terms in this set (26)

  • What is the anatomical position?

    The standard body position used as a reference in anatomy: standing upright, facing forward, arms at sides, palms facing forward, and feet together.

  • Name key organelles of the cell and their functions.

    Nucleus: controls cell activities; Mitochondria: produces energy; Ribosomes: synthesize proteins; Endoplasmic reticulum: transports materials; Golgi apparatus: processes and packages proteins.

  • What are directional and laterality terms in anatomy?

    Directional terms describe locations (e.g., anterior, posterior); laterality terms specify sides (e.g., left, right, bilateral).

  • What are the components of the thoracic cavity?

    Includes the mediastinum (heart, trachea, esophagus) and pleural cavities (each surrounding a lung).

  • What are the components of the abdominopelvic cavity?

    Divided into the abdominal cavity (stomach, liver, intestines) and pelvic cavity (bladder, reproductive organs); includes the peritoneal cavity surrounding abdominal organs.

  • What are the four quadrants of the abdomen and their general organ contents?

    Right upper: liver, gallbladder; Left upper: stomach, spleen; Right lower: appendix; Left lower: descending colon.

  • What are the anatomical planes and how do they divide the body?

    Sagittal: divides left and right; Coronal (frontal): divides front and back; Transverse (horizontal): divides top and bottom.

  • What is the biological hierarchy from microscopic to gross anatomy?

    Atoms → Molecules → Organelles → Cells → Tissues → Organs → Organ systems → Organism.

  • Compare intraperitoneal vs. retroperitoneal structures.

    Intraperitoneal organs are enclosed by peritoneum and suspended in the abdominal cavity; retroperitoneal organs lie behind the peritoneum.

  • How is epithelial tissue classified by morphology and thickness?

    By cell shape: squamous, cuboidal, columnar; by layers: simple (one layer), stratified (multiple layers).

  • What are cilia and their functions?

    Cilia are hair-like projections on epithelial cells that move substances across the cell surface, found in respiratory tract and fallopian tubes.

  • What are the different secretion methods of glands?

    Merocrine: secretion by exocytosis; Apocrine: secretion with part of cell cytoplasm; Holocrine: secretion by cell rupture.

  • What is hemoglobin and its function?

    Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells that binds oxygen for transport; it has a high affinity for oxygen.

  • Name the main types of white blood cells and their functions.

    Neutrophils: fight bacteria; Lymphocytes: immune response; Monocytes: phagocytosis; Eosinophils: combat parasites; Basophils: release histamine.

  • What are the main types of connective tissue and their functions?

    Loose connective: supports organs; Dense connective: provides strength; Cartilage: cushions joints; Bone: supports body; Blood: transports substances.

  • What are the components of blood plasma?

    Water, proteins (albumin, globulins), nutrients, hormones, waste products, and electrolytes.

  • Compare appositional vs. interstitial cartilage growth.

    Appositional growth adds new layers on the surface; interstitial growth expands cartilage from within.

  • What are the types of muscle tissue and their key characteristics?

    Skeletal: voluntary, striated; Cardiac: involuntary, striated, heart; Smooth: involuntary, non-striated, walls of organs.

  • What are the layers of the integumentary system from superficial to deep?

    Epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis (subcutaneous layer).

  • What are the layers of the epidermis?

    From deep to superficial: stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum (only in thick skin), stratum corneum.

  • What structures are found in the dermis compared to the epidermis?

    Dermis contains blood vessels, nerves, hair follicles, glands; epidermis is mainly keratinized epithelial cells.

  • What are the parts of a neuron?

    Cell body (soma), dendrites (receive signals), axon (sends signals), and synaptic terminals.

  • Which parts of the integumentary system are damaged in different skin burns?

    First-degree: epidermis; Second-degree: epidermis and part of dermis; Third-degree: full thickness including hypodermis.

  • What are the types of glands in the integumentary system and their functions?

    Sudoriferous (sweat) glands: thermoregulation; Sebaceous glands: secrete oil; Ceruminous glands: produce earwax.

  • What are the anatomical components of the nail?

    Nail plate, nail bed, lunula, cuticle, and nail matrix.

  • How are blood types differentiated between people?

    By presence or absence of antigens A and B on red blood cells and Rh factor, forming types A, B, AB, and O, each positive or negative.