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Anatomy & Physiology Quiz 1 Study Guide

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Terms in this set (29)

  • What is anatomy?

    Anatomy is the study of the structures of body parts and their relationships to one another.

  • What is physiology?

    Physiology is the study of the function of the body and how body parts work to carry out life-sustaining activities.

  • Name the subdivisions of gross anatomy.

    Gross anatomy subdivisions include: regional anatomy (all structures in an area), system anatomy (one system), and surface anatomy (internal structures related to skin).

  • What does microscopic anatomy study?

    Microscopic anatomy studies structures too small to be seen with the naked eye, including cytology (cells) and histology (tissues).

  • What is the principle of complementarity of structure and function?

    Function always reflects structure; what a structure can do depends on its specific form.

  • List the 6 levels of organization in the human body.

    Chemical, Cellular, Tissue, Organ, Organ System, and Organismal levels.

  • What is the main function of the integumentary system?

    Forms external body covering, protects deeper tissues, synthesizes vitamin D, and houses receptors and glands.

  • What role does the skeletal system play?

    Protects and supports organs, provides framework for muscles, forms blood cells, and stores minerals.

  • Define metabolism in physiology.

    All chemical reactions in body cells, including catabolism (breakdown) and anabolism (synthesis), producing energy as ATP.

  • What is homeostasis?

    Maintenance of relatively stable internal conditions despite continuous environmental changes; a dynamic state of equilibrium.

  • Name the three components of a homeostatic control system.

    Receptor (sensor), control center, and effector.

  • How does negative feedback maintain homeostasis?

    Response reduces or shuts off original stimulus, reversing the change to return to set point.

  • Give an example of positive feedback in the body.

    Enhancement of labor contractions by oxytocin or platelet plug formation during blood clotting.

  • What is the anatomical position used for?

    Standard reference position to describe body parts and directions accurately.

  • Describe the sagittal plane.

    Vertical plane dividing the body into right and left parts; midsagittal is exactly midline.

  • What cavities are included in the dorsal body cavity?

    Cranial cavity (brain) and vertebral cavity (spinal cord), protected by meninges.

  • What is the function of serous membranes in the ventral body cavity?

    Thin double-layered membranes that reduce friction as organs move; include parietal and visceral layers with lubricating fluid.

  • What are the three main parts of a generalized human cell?

    Plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus.

  • What is the fluid mosaic model of the plasma membrane?

    Membrane made of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins, cholesterol, and surface sugars forming glycocalyx.

  • Name the three types of cell junctions.

    Tight junctions (impermeable), desmosomes (anchoring), and gap junctions (communication tunnels).

  • What is the difference between passive and active transport across the plasma membrane?

    Passive transport requires no energy and moves substances down concentration gradients; active transport requires ATP to move substances against gradients.

  • What is osmosis?

    Movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane from lower to higher solute concentration.

  • What are the two major types of active transport?

    Primary active transport uses ATP directly; secondary active transport uses energy stored in ion gradients.

  • What are the main functions of mitochondria?

    Powerhouse of the cell; site of energy (ATP) production via cellular respiration.

  • What is the role of ribosomes?

    Sites of protein synthesis, either free in cytoplasm or attached to rough ER.

  • What happens during transcription in protein synthesis?

    DNA information is copied into messenger RNA (mRNA).

  • What is apoptosis?

    Programmed cell death involving activation of enzymes called caspases to neatly self-destruct cells.

  • Define hypertrophy and hyperplasia.

    Hypertrophy is increase in cell size; hyperplasia is increase in cell number.

  • What is the function of the cytoskeleton?

    Maintains cell shape and allows movement; includes microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules.