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Anatomy & Physiology Review Chapters 1-3

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Terms in this set (29)

  • What is homeostasis?

    Homeostasis is the body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes.

  • What are the components of homeostasis?

    Components include a receptor (detects change), control center (processes info), and effector (responds to restore balance).

  • What is negative feedback?

    Negative feedback reverses a change to return to normal, e.g., body temperature regulation.

  • What is positive feedback?

    Positive feedback amplifies a change, e.g., blood clotting or childbirth contractions.

  • What is the anatomic position?

    Body standing upright, facing forward, arms at sides, palms facing forward, feet flat and directed forward.

  • What are the ventral and dorsal body cavities?

    Ventral cavity includes thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities; dorsal cavity includes cranial and spinal cavities.

  • What organs are found in the thoracic cavity?

    Contains the heart and lungs, protected by the rib cage.

  • What are the four quadrants of the abdominopelvic cavity?

    Right upper, right lower, left upper, and left lower quadrants.

  • Define directional terms: Where is the bellybutton relative to the chin?

    The bellybutton is inferior to the chin.

  • Where is the palm of the hand relative to the elbow?

    The palm is distal to the elbow.

  • What are the major planes of the body?

    Sagittal (left/right), frontal (front/back), and transverse (top/bottom) planes.

  • What are the three major serous membranes and their locations?

    Pleura (lungs), pericardium (heart), and peritoneum (abdominal organs).

  • What is the organization of life from atom to organism?

    Atom → molecule → organelle → cell → tissue → organ → organ system → organism.

  • What is atomic number and atomic mass?

    Atomic number = number of protons; atomic mass = protons + neutrons.

  • What are ions, cations, and anions?

    Ions are charged atoms; cations are positive, anions are negative.

  • What is the valence shell and octet rule?

    The valence shell is the outer electron shell; the octet rule states atoms are stable with 8 electrons in this shell.

  • Types of chemical reactions: synthesis, decomposition, exchange?

    Synthesis: build molecules; decomposition: break down molecules; exchange: swap parts between molecules.

  • What are enzymes and their function?

    Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions without being consumed.

  • What does hydrophilic and hydrophobic mean?

    Hydrophilic: water-attracting; hydrophobic: water-repelling.

  • What are the types of chemical bonds?

    Covalent (shared electrons), ionic (electron transfer), hydrogen (weak attraction), and polar covalent (unequal sharing).

  • What properties of water make it essential for life?

    High heat capacity, solvent ability, cohesion, adhesion, and chemical reactivity.

  • Define acids and bases.

    Acids release H+ ions; bases release OH- ions or accept H+.

  • What are the four biological macromolecules?

    Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids.

  • What are monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides?

    Monosaccharides: single sugars; disaccharides: two sugars; polysaccharides: many sugars (e.g., glucose, sucrose, glycogen).

  • What are the functions of lipids in the body?

    Energy storage, insulation, cell membrane structure, and steroid hormone precursors.

  • What is a triglyceride?

    A lipid made of glycerol and three fatty acids, used for energy storage.

  • What are nucleic acids and their functions?

    DNA and RNA store and transmit genetic information.

  • What is ATP and its function?

    ATP is the cell's main energy currency, providing energy for cellular processes.

  • What is the Sodium/Potassium pump?

    An active transport protein that moves 3 Na+ out and 2 K+ into the cell, maintaining membrane potential.