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Anatomy & Physiology: Skeletal and Muscular System Overview ( LAB EXAM 2)

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Terms in this set (24)

  • Functions of the skeletal system

    Support, protection, movement, mineral storage, blood cell production, and fat storage.

  • Difference between axial and appendicular skeleton

    Axial skeleton includes the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage; appendicular skeleton includes limbs and girdles.

  • Types of cartilage and their locations

    Hyaline cartilage: nose, trachea; elastic cartilage: ear, epiglottis; fibrocartilage: intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis.

  • Bone markings: processes

    Processes include trochanter, tubercle, epicondyle, spine, and process; these are projections for muscle and ligament attachment.

  • Bone markings: projections

    Projections include condyles and head; they help form joints.

  • Bone markings: depressions and openings

    Depressions/openings include foramen, meatus, and fossa; they allow passage of nerves and blood vessels.

  • Differences among long, short, flat, and irregular bones

    Long bones are longer than wide; short bones are cube-shaped; flat bones are thin and flat; irregular bones have complex shapes.

  • Structure of a long bone

    Includes diaphysis (shaft), epiphyses (ends), medullary cavity, and periosteum.

  • Structure of compact bone

    Organized into osteons with central canals, concentric lamellae, lacunae, and canaliculi.

  • Events of ossification

    Includes bone collar formation, cavitation, invasion of periosteal bud, and formation of spongy and compact bone.

  • Zones of the epiphyseal plate

    Includes resting zone, proliferation zone, hypertrophic zone, calcification zone, and ossification zone.

  • Classification of joints by structure

    Fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial joints.

  • Classification of joints by function

    Synarthrosis (immovable), amphiarthrosis (slightly movable), and diarthrosis (freely movable).

  • Types of fibrous joints

    Includes sutures, syndesmoses, and gomphoses.

  • Types of cartilaginous joints

    Includes synchondroses and symphyses.

  • Six types of synovial joints

    Plane, hinge, pivot, condylar, saddle, and ball-and-socket joints.

  • Body movements of synovial joints

    Include flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation, and circumduction.

  • Ligaments supporting the knee joint

    Includes patellar, popliteal, collateral, and cruciate ligaments.

  • Differences between skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle

    Skeletal: voluntary, striated; cardiac: involuntary, striated; smooth: involuntary, non-striated.

  • Events at the neuromuscular junction

    Release of acetylcholine, binding to receptors, depolarization, and muscle contraction initiation.

  • Muscle roles: prime mover, antagonist, synergist, fixator

    Prime mover causes movement; antagonist opposes; synergist assists; fixator stabilizes origin.

  • Example of prime mover and antagonist in elbow flexion

    Biceps brachii is prime mover; triceps brachii is antagonist.

  • Muscle fascicle arrangements

    Include parallel, fusiform, circular, triangular, unipennate, bipennate, and multipennate.

  • Muscle groups: erector spinae, rotator cuff, quadriceps, hamstrings

    Erector spinae: back extensors; rotator cuff: shoulder stabilizers; quadriceps: thigh extensors; hamstrings: thigh flexors.