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Anatomy & Physiology: Skeletal System

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Terms in this set (20)

  • Functions of the skeletal system

    Supports the body, protects soft body parts, produces blood cells, stores minerals and fat, and allows movement by attaching muscles.

  • Types of bone tissue

    Compact bone is dense and made of osteons; spongy bone is lighter, made of trabeculae, and contains red marrow.

  • Osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts

    Osteoblasts form bone, osteocytes maintain bone, and osteoclasts absorb bone.

  • Anatomy of a long bone

    Diaphysis is the shaft with compact bone; epiphysis are ends with spongy bone; medullary cavity contains yellow marrow; articular cartilage covers ends.

  • Axial vs Appendicular skeleton

    Axial skeleton includes skull, vertebrae, ribs; appendicular skeleton includes limbs and girdles.

  • Bone classification by shape

    Long, short, flat, irregular, and sesamoid bones.

  • Parathyroid hormone (PTH) role

    Released when blood calcium is low; stimulates osteoclasts to release calcium and kidneys to reabsorb calcium.

  • Calcitonin function

    Released when blood calcium is high; stimulates osteoblasts and inhibits osteoclasts to lower calcium levels.

  • Growth hormone (GH) effect on bones

    Stimulates bone and cartilage growth by promoting IGF production.

  • Synovial joint characteristics

    Freely movable joints with a synovial cavity filled with fluid, articular cartilage, ligaments, tendons, and bursae.

  • Types of synovial joints

    Plane, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, and ball-and-socket joints.

  • Movements allowed by hinge joints

    Allow flexion and extension, e.g., elbow and knee joints.

  • Function of intervertebral discs

    Fibrocartilage between vertebrae that absorbs shock and protects vertebrae.

  • Curvatures of the vertebral column

    Normal curvatures include cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral; abnormal curvatures are scoliosis, kyphosis, and lordosis.

  • Components of the thoracic cage

    Sternum, ribs, costal cartilages, and thoracic vertebrae protect thoracic organs.

  • Pectoral girdle bones

    Clavicle and scapula connect upper limbs to axial skeleton.

  • Pelvic girdle composition

    Consists of ilium, ischium, and pubis fused together; supports lower limbs.

  • Types of joint classification by function

    Syndesmosis (immovable), amphiarthroses (slightly movable), diarthroses (freely movable).

  • Ligaments vs tendons

    Ligaments connect bone to bone; tendons connect muscle to bone.

  • Role of bursae in joints

    Small sacs filled with synovial fluid that cushion and reduce friction in joints.