Skip to main content
Back

Anatomy & Physiology: Skeletal System and Bone Tissue Review

Control buttons has been changed to "navigation" mode.
1/27

Terms in this set (27)

  • Types of bones
    Long bones are longer than wide; short bones are cube-shaped; flat bones are thin and flat; irregular bones have complex shapes; sesamoid bones develop within tendons.
  • Intramembranous vs. Endochondral bone
    Intramembranous bone forms directly from mesenchyme; endochondral bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage.
  • Compact bone vs. Spongy bone
    Compact bone is dense and forms the outer layer; spongy bone is porous and found inside bones, containing trabeculae.
  • Periosteum
    A dense connective tissue membrane covering the outer surface of bones, containing blood vessels and nerves.
  • Endosteum
    A thin membrane lining the marrow cavity and inner surfaces of bones.
  • Haversian system (osteon)
    The structural unit of compact bone, consisting of a central canal surrounded by concentric lamellae.
  • Osteocyte
    A mature bone cell located in lacunae that maintains bone tissue.
  • Osteoblast
    A bone-forming cell that secretes the bone matrix.
  • Osteoclast
    A large cell that breaks down bone tissue during remodeling.
  • Lamellae
    Concentric rings of calcified matrix in compact bone.
  • Canaliculi
    Tiny channels connecting lacunae, allowing osteocytes to communicate and exchange nutrients.
  • Epiphyseal plate
    A hyaline cartilage plate in the metaphysis where bone growth occurs in children and adolescents.
  • Intramembranous ossification
    Bone formation directly from mesenchymal tissue, forming flat bones like the skull.
  • Endochondral ossification
    Bone formation by replacing hyaline cartilage, forming most long bones.
  • Functions of the skeletal system
    Support, protection, movement, mineral storage, and blood cell production.
  • Bone remodeling homeostasis
    Balance between osteoblast bone formation and osteoclast bone resorption to maintain bone strength and calcium levels.
  • Parathyroid hormone (PTH) role
    Increases blood calcium by stimulating osteoclasts and enhancing calcium absorption in kidneys and intestines.
  • Calcitonin role
    Lowers blood calcium by inhibiting osteoclast activity and promoting calcium deposition in bone.
  • Bone fracture repair steps
    Hematoma formation, fibrocartilaginous callus formation, bony callus formation, and bone remodeling.
  • Axial vs. Appendicular skeleton
    Axial skeleton includes skull, vertebral column, and rib cage; appendicular skeleton includes limbs and girdles.
  • Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral curves
    Cervical and lumbar are concave posteriorly; thoracic and sacral are convex posteriorly, providing balance and flexibility.
  • Fontanelles in newborn skull
    Soft spots: anterior, posterior, sphenoidal, and mastoid fontanelles allow skull growth and passage through birth canal.
  • Male vs. female pelvis differences
    Female pelvis is wider, shallower, and has a larger pelvic inlet for childbirth; male pelvis is narrower and taller.
  • Bone markings: process, tubercle, condyle
    Process is a projection; tubercle is a small rounded projection; condyle is a rounded articular surface.
  • Marrow cavity
    Central cavity of long bones containing bone marrow, which produces blood cells.
  • Spongy bone histology
    Consists of trabeculae with spaces filled by marrow; lacks osteons found in compact bone.
  • Sutures of the skull
    Immovable joints between skull bones: sagittal, coronal, lambdoidal, and squamous sutures.