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Anatomy & Physiology: Skeletal System - Bone Structure, Development, Disorders, and Repair

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Terms in this set (28)

  • Structure of flat, irregular, and short bones

    Consist of thin plates of spongy bone covered by compact bone. Compact bone is sandwiched between connective tissue membranes: periosteum (outside) and endosteum (inside). Bone marrow is scattered throughout spongy bone with no defined marrow cavity.

  • Key parts of a long bone

    Diaphysis: tubular shaft forming the long axis. Epiphyses: ends with compact bone externally and spongy bone internally. Articular cartilage covers joint surfaces. Epiphyseal line is the remnant of childhood growth plate.

  • Periosteum layers and functions

    White, double-layered membrane covering external bone surfaces except joints. Outer fibrous layer is dense irregular connective tissue. Inner osteogenic layer contains stem cells. Contains nerve fibers, blood vessels, and anchors tendons and ligaments.

  • Endosteum characteristics

    Delicate connective tissue membrane covering internal bone surfaces, including trabeculae of spongy bone and canals. Contains osteogenic cells similar to periosteum.

  • Location and function of red bone marrow

    Found within trabecular cavities of spongy bone and flat bones like the sternum. In adults, mainly in heads of femur and humerus. Site of hematopoiesis producing blood cells.

  • Developmental aspects of the infant skull

    Infant skull has more bones connected by fontanelles, unossified fibrous membranes that ease birth and allow brain growth. Four fontanelles: anterior, posterior, mastoid, and sphenoidal.

  • Growth changes in skull and limbs from birth to adulthood

    At birth, cranium is large relative to face. By 9 months, cranium is half adult size. Mandible and maxilla lengthen with age. Arms and legs grow faster than head and trunk, leading to adult proportions.

  • Primary vs secondary spinal curvatures

    Primary curvatures (thoracic and sacral) are convex posteriorly at birth, creating a C-shaped spine. Secondary curvatures (cervical and lumbar) develop later and are convex anteriorly.

  • Scoliosis

    Abnormal lateral rotation of the spine, often in thoracic region, which can cause breathing difficulties.

  • Kyphosis

    Abnormal dorsal thoracic curvature (hunchback), common in osteoporosis, tuberculosis of spine, rickets, or osteomalacia.

  • Lordosis

    Accentuated lumbar curvature (swayback) seen in some diseases, males with pot bellies, and pregnant females.

  • Cleft palate

    Failure of medial fusion of right and left halves of the palate, interfering with sucking and potentially causing aspiration pneumonia.

  • Role of growth hormone in bone development

    Most important hormone stimulating epiphyseal plate activity during infancy and childhood.

  • Role of thyroid hormone in bone growth

    Modulates growth hormone activity to ensure proper bone proportions.

  • Effect of sex hormones on bone growth

    Testosterone and estrogens promote adolescent growth spurts during puberty.

  • Calcium homeostasis blood level range

    Normal blood calcium levels range from 9 to 11 milligrams per 100 milliliters.

  • Fracture classification by bone end position

    Nondisplaced: bone ends retain normal position. Displaced: bone ends out of normal alignment.

  • Fracture classification by completeness

    Complete: bone broken through. Incomplete: bone not broken all the way through.

  • Fracture classification by skin penetration

    Open (compound): skin is penetrated. Closed (simple): skin is not penetrated.

  • Bone fracture treatment methods

    Reduction: realignment of broken bone ends. Closed reduction: manual manipulation. Open reduction: surgical pins or wires. Immobilization by cast or traction is needed for healing.

  • Stages of bone repair

    1. Hematoma formation. 2. Fibrocartilaginous callus formation. 3. Bony callus formation with new trabeculae. 4. Bone remodeling to restore shape.

  • Osteomalacia

    Bone poorly mineralized; osteoid produced but calcium salts not deposited adequately, resulting in soft, weak bones and pain when bearing weight.

  • Rickets

    Osteomalacia in children causing bowed legs and bone deformities due to vitamin D deficiency or insufficient dietary calcium.

  • Osteoporosis

    Group of diseases where bone resorption exceeds deposit, leading to decreased bone mass and increased fracture risk, especially in postmenopausal females.

  • Risk factors for osteoporosis

    Insufficient exercise, poor calcium/protein diet, smoking, genetics, hormone-related conditions, hyperthyroidism, diabetes, alcohol, and certain medications.

  • Treatment options for osteoporosis

    Calcium and vitamin D supplements, weight-bearing exercise, hormone replacement therapy (controversial), and drug therapies to slow bone loss.

  • Paget's disease of bone

    Excessive and disorganized bone deposit and resorption causing fast but poor-quality bone growth, often in spine, pelvis, femur, and skull. Cause unknown, possibly viral.

  • Drug therapies for Paget's disease

    Bisphosphonates and high doses of calcitonin to prevent bone breakdown.