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Anatomy & Physiology: Skeletal System Essentials

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Terms in this set (20)

  • Primary functions of the skeletal system

    Support, protection, movement, mineral storage, blood cell production, and energy storage.

  • Layers of the periosteum and their functions

    The outer fibrous layer provides protection and attachment for tendons and ligaments; the inner cellular layer contains osteogenic cells for bone growth and repair.

  • General characteristics of cartilage tissue

    Cartilage is a flexible connective tissue with no blood vessels, composed of chondrocytes in a matrix of collagen and proteoglycans.

  • Types of cartilage tissue

    Hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage, each differing in fiber composition and location.

  • Locations of hyaline cartilage

    Found on articular surfaces of bones, the nose, trachea, and larynx.

  • Locations of elastic cartilage

    Located in the external ear and epiglottis, providing flexibility.

  • Locations of fibrocartilage

    Found in intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, and menisci of the knee, providing strong support and shock absorption.

  • Cells of osseous tissue and their functions

    Osteoblasts build bone, osteocytes maintain bone, osteoclasts resorb bone, and osteogenic cells are stem cells that differentiate into osteoblasts.

  • Macro-anatomy of a long bone

    Includes the diaphysis (shaft), epiphyses (ends), medullary cavity, periosteum, and endosteum.

  • Two types of osseous tissue

    Compact bone is dense and forms the outer layer; spongy bone is porous and found inside bones, especially at the epiphyses.

  • Location of compact bone within a long bone

    Forms the outer shell of the diaphysis and epiphyses, providing strength and protection.

  • Location of spongy bone within a long bone

    Found mainly in the epiphyses and lining the medullary cavity, containing red bone marrow.

  • Basic make-up of compact bone

    Organized into osteons with central canals, concentric lamellae, lacunae with osteocytes, and canaliculi.

  • Basic make-up of spongy bone

    Consists of a network of trabeculae with spaces filled by bone marrow.

  • Function of osteoblasts

    Responsible for bone formation by secreting osteoid and initiating mineralization.

  • Function of osteocytes

    Maintain bone tissue by regulating mineral content and communicating with other bone cells.

  • Function of osteoclasts

    Break down bone matrix during bone resorption to release minerals into the blood.

  • Role of osteogenic cells

    Stem cells that differentiate into osteoblasts, aiding in bone growth and repair.

  • Periosteum's role in bone health

    Provides a surface for muscle attachment, contains blood vessels and nerves, and supports bone growth and repair.

  • Medullary cavity function

    Houses yellow bone marrow in adults, which stores fat, and in children contains red marrow for blood cell production.