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Anatomy & Physiology: Skeletal System Flashcards

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Terms in this set (20)

  • Functions of the skeletal system

    Support, protection, anchorage, mineral storage, blood formation, fat storage, and hormone production.

  • Types of cartilage in the skeletal system

    Hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, and fibrocartilage.

  • Classification of bones by location

    Appendicular and axial skeleton.

  • Classification of bones by shape

    Long, short, sesamoid, flat, and irregular bones.

  • Two forms of osseous tissue

    Compact (dense) bone with solid matrix and spongy bone with porous spaces.

  • Five major bone cell types

    Osteogenic cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, bone-lining cells, and osteoclasts.

  • Function of osteogenic (osteoprogenitor) cells

    Mitotically active stem cells that differentiate into osteoblasts or bone-lining cells.

  • Role of osteoblasts

    Bone-forming cells that synthesize organic bone matrix and promote mineralization.

  • Role of osteocytes

    Mature bone cells that maintain bone matrix and act as stress or strain sensors.

  • Function of bone-lining cells

    Flat cells on bone surfaces that help maintain the matrix; called periosteal on external surfaces and endosteal on internal surfaces.

  • Role of osteoclasts

    Bone-resorbing cells derived from white blood cell lineage with a ruffled border facing bone.

  • Structure of compact bone

    Composed of osteons (Haversian systems), central canals, canaliculi, interstitial and circumferential lamellae.

  • Function of canaliculi in bone

    Hairlike canals that connect lacunae to each other and to the central canal for nutrient and waste exchange.

  • Characteristics of spongy bone

    Porous bone organized along lines of stress with trabeculae; lacks osteons and contains capillaries in endosteum.

  • Composition of bone matrix

    1/3 organic matter (mainly collagen) and 2/3 inorganic matter (mainly calcium phosphate and minerals).

  • Two methods of bone ossification

    Endochondral ossification (from hyaline cartilage models) and intramembranous ossification (from embryonic connective tissue).

  • Key steps in endochondral ossification

    Hyaline cartilage model forms, cartilage calcifies and deteriorates, periosteal bud invades, primary ossification center forms, and bone replaces cartilage.

  • Intramembranous ossification process

    Mesenchymal cells cluster and differentiate into osteoblasts, secrete osteoid, which calcifies to form flat bones like the skull.

  • Bone growth and remodeling

    Bones grow in length and width, remodel in response to stress, with osteoblasts depositing bone and osteoclasts resorbing bone.

  • Mineral homeostasis in bone

    Bone stores and exchanges calcium and phosphate with extracellular fluid, maintaining balance via mineral deposition and resorption.