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Anatomy & Physiology Study Questions

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  • What does the atomic number of an atom tell you?

    The atomic number indicates the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.

  • What are the atomic numbers of Hydrogen, Carbon, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Sodium, Chlorine, Potassium?

    Hydrogen: 1, Carbon: 6, Nitrogen: 7, Oxygen: 8, Sodium: 11, Chlorine: 17, Potassium: 19.

  • What subatomic particles form the nucleus of an atom?

    Protons and neutrons form the nucleus of an atom.

  • If calcium (atomic #20) has 18 electrons, what charge does it have and what ion type is it?

    It has a +2 charge because it lost 2 electrons, making it a cation.

  • What holds atoms together in ionic and covalent bonds?

    Ionic bonds are held by electrostatic attraction between ions; covalent bonds share electron pairs between atoms.

  • What does hydrophilic mean? Give an example in anatomy & physiology.

    Hydrophilic means water-attracting; example: glucose in body fluids.

  • What does hydrophobic mean? Give an example in anatomy & physiology.

    Hydrophobic means water-repelling; example: lipid molecules in cell membranes.

  • What does pH measure? How does adding hydrogen ions affect pH?

    pH measures hydrogen ion concentration. Adding hydrogen ions lowers pH, making the solution more acidic.

  • Name a common polysaccharide, disaccharide, and monosaccharide.

    Polysaccharide: glycogen, Disaccharide: sucrose, Monosaccharide: glucose.

  • Describe two functions of triglycerides.

    Triglycerides provide energy storage and insulation for the body.

  • How many different types of amino acids are used by the human body?

    The body uses 20 different amino acids to build proteins.

  • What class of organic molecule is collagen? How is it used in the body?

    Collagen is a protein used for structural support in connective tissues like skin and bone.

  • What is a catalyst? What do you call a protein that acts as a catalyst?

    A catalyst speeds up chemical reactions. A protein catalyst is called an enzyme.

  • What does ATP stand for and what class of molecule is it?

    ATP stands for adenosine triphosphate and is a nucleotide used for energy transfer.

  • Give an example of anabolism and catabolism.

    Anabolism: protein synthesis. Catabolism: cellular respiration breaking down glucose.

  • Why is the humerus considered an organ?

    Because it contains multiple tissue types working together, including bone, blood vessels, and nerves.

  • List four components of the skeletal system.

    Bones, cartilage, ligaments, and bone marrow.

  • Name two ways bones are classified.

    Bones are classified by shape and composition.

  • Describe the diaphysis of a long bone.

    The diaphysis is the shaft of a long bone, composed mainly of compact bone surrounding the medullary cavity.

  • What is the function of red bone marrow?

    Red bone marrow produces blood cells through hematopoiesis.

  • What is the periosteum and its function?

    The periosteum is a membrane covering bone surfaces; it contains cells for growth and repair and provides attachment for tendons.

  • What are osteoblasts and their function?

    Osteoblasts are bone-forming cells that synthesize and secrete bone matrix.

  • Define intramembranous ossification and give examples.

    Bone forms directly from mesenchymal tissue; examples include flat bones of the skull.

  • Define endochondral ossification and give examples.

    Bone forms by replacing cartilage; examples include long bones like the femur.

  • What is Wolff’s law of bone?

    Bone adapts to the mechanical stresses placed on it by remodeling to become stronger where stressed.

  • How does parathyroid hormone affect blood calcium levels?

    It raises blood calcium by stimulating bone resorption and increasing calcium absorption in kidneys and intestines.

  • What is osteoporosis and its primary cause?

    Osteoporosis is bone loss leading to fragility, primarily caused by decreased estrogen after menopause.

  • List the four steps of fracture healing.

    Hematoma formation, fibrocartilaginous callus formation, bony callus formation, and bone remodeling.