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Anatomy & Physiology Test 1 Study Guide

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Terms in this set (29)

  • Anatomical position

    Anatomical position is the standard body position used as a reference in anatomy: standing upright, feet together, arms at sides, palms facing forward, and head facing forward. It ensures consistent directional terms.

  • Difference between popliteal and patellar regions

    The patellar region is the front of the knee, while the popliteal region is the back of the knee.

  • Directional terms for upper and lower limbs instead of superior/inferior

    Use proximal (closer to trunk) and distal (farther from trunk) to describe positions on limbs instead of superior and inferior.

  • Four abdominopelvic quadrants and major organs

    Right upper quadrant: liver, gallbladder; Left upper quadrant: stomach, spleen; Right lower quadrant: appendix, cecum; Left lower quadrant: descending colon, sigmoid colon.

  • Homeostasis

    Homeostasis is the body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes.

  • Homeostatic imbalance

    Homeostatic imbalance occurs when the body’s internal environment is not maintained, leading to disease or dysfunction.

  • Components of a homeostatic control system

    Includes receptor (detects change), control center (processes info), and effector (carries out response).

  • Negative feedback mechanism

    A response that reverses a change to maintain homeostasis, e.g., body temperature regulation by sweating when hot.

  • Positive feedback mechanism

    A response that amplifies a change, e.g., oxytocin release during childbirth intensifying contractions.

  • Why negative feedback is most common

    Because it stabilizes physiological variables by reversing changes, maintaining balance efficiently.

  • Role of effector in feedback loops

    The effector executes the response to either reduce (negative feedback) or enhance (positive feedback) the stimulus.

  • Homeostatic control during low body temperature

    Receptors detect cold, control center signals effectors like muscles to shiver, generating heat to raise temperature.

  • Homeostatic control during high body temperature

    Receptors detect heat, control center signals sweat glands to produce sweat, cooling the body through evaporation.

  • Homeostatic control during breastfeeding

    Positive feedback: infant suckling stimulates oxytocin release, causing milk ejection from mammary glands.

  • Gradient definition and examples

    A gradient is a difference in concentration, pressure, or temperature that drives movement, e.g., concentration gradient drives diffusion.

  • Four primary classes of biological macromolecules

    Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids; each made of specific monomers like sugars, fatty acids, amino acids, and nucleotides.

  • Basic atomic structure and bond types

    Atoms have protons, neutrons, electrons. Bonds: ionic (transfer electrons), covalent (share electrons), hydrogen (weak attraction).

  • Difference between nonpolar and polar covalent bonds

    Nonpolar bonds share electrons equally; polar bonds share unequally, creating partial charges.

  • Effect of fever on reaction rate

    Increased temperature (e.g., 101°F) generally increases reaction rates by providing more kinetic energy.

  • Water interaction with hydrophobic vs hydrophilic substances

    Water dissolves hydrophilic (polar) substances but repels hydrophobic (nonpolar) substances.

  • Ion and electrolyte relationship

    An ion is a charged particle; electrolytes are ions that conduct electricity in body fluids.

  • Is N2 a molecule or compound?

    N2 is a molecule made of two nitrogen atoms; not a compound since it contains only one element.

  • Types of carbohydrates

    Monosaccharides (glucose), disaccharides (sucrose), polysaccharides (glycogen).

  • How animals store excess glucose

    Animals store excess glucose as glycogen in liver and muscle cells.

  • Acids, bases, buffers, and pH scale

    Acids release H+, bases accept H+, buffers maintain pH by neutralizing acids/bases; pH scale measures acidity.

  • Role of ATP in the cell

    ATP stores and transfers energy for cellular processes.

  • Buffer systems in blood pH homeostasis

    Buffers resist pH changes by binding or releasing H+ to keep blood pH stable.

  • Plasma membrane structure (fluid mosaic model)

    The membrane is a fluid bilayer of phospholipids with embedded proteins that move laterally.

  • Integral vs peripheral membrane proteins

    Integral proteins span the membrane; peripheral proteins attach to the membrane surface.