Skip to main content
Back

Anatomy & Physiology Test 1 Study Guide (Ch 1-3)

Control buttons has been changed to "navigation" mode.
1/30
  • Define anatomy and physiology.

    Anatomy is the study of body structure; physiology is the study of body function.

  • What is the anatomical position?

    Body standing upright, facing forward, feet flat and slightly apart, arms at sides with palms facing forward.

  • Name the 9 abdominopelvic regions.

    Right hypochondriac, epigastric, left hypochondriac, right lumbar, umbilical, left lumbar, right iliac, hypogastric, left iliac.

  • What is homeostasis?

    Homeostasis is the body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes.

  • What are the three components of homeostatic control?

    Receptor, control center, and effector.

  • Differentiate positive and negative feedback systems.

    Negative feedback reverses a change to maintain stability; positive feedback amplifies a change to drive a process to completion.

  • Define proximal and distal in anatomical terms.

    Proximal means closer to the point of attachment; distal means farther from the point of attachment.

  • What organs are in the dorsal body cavity?

    The brain and spinal cord (central nervous system) are located in the dorsal body cavity.

  • Name the three subatomic particles and their charges.

    Protons (+), neutrons (neutral), electrons (-).

  • What determines an atom's atomic number and atomic weight?

    Atomic number = number of protons; atomic weight = protons + neutrons.

  • Which subatomic particle determines an element's chemical properties?

    Electrons, especially those in the outer shell, determine chemical properties.

  • Name the three types of chemical bonds.

    Ionic, covalent, and hydrogen bonds.

  • What are the unique properties of water due to hydrogen bonds?

    High heat capacity, cohesion, adhesion, solvent abilities, and surface tension.

  • Define monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides with examples.

    Monosaccharides: single sugars (glucose); disaccharides: two sugars (sucrose); polysaccharides: many sugars (starch).

  • Difference between saturated and unsaturated fats.

    Saturated fats have no double bonds and are solid at room temp; unsaturated fats have double bonds and are liquid.

  • What are the four major classes of organic compounds and their functions?

    Carbohydrates (energy), lipids (energy storage), proteins (structure/function), nucleic acids (genetic info).

  • Base pairing rules of DNA nucleotides.

    Adenine pairs with thymine; cytosine pairs with guanine.

  • What pH range indicates acid, base, and neutral?

    Acid: pH < 7; neutral: pH = 7; base: pH > 7.

  • Define enzyme by structure and function.

    Proteins that act as biological catalysts to speed up chemical reactions without being consumed.

  • Differences between DNA and RNA.

    DNA is double-stranded with deoxyribose sugar; RNA is single-stranded with ribose sugar and uracil instead of thymine.

  • What is the structural and functional unit of all organisms?

    The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms.

  • What is cytoplasm?

    The liquid interior of the cell, containing organelles and cytosol.

  • Describe the plasma membrane structure.

    A phospholipid bilayer with hydrophilic heads facing outward and hydrophobic tails inward, containing proteins and cholesterol.

  • Which parts of a phospholipid are hydrophobic and hydrophilic?

    Hydrophilic: phosphate head; hydrophobic: fatty acid tails.

  • Name the components and structures within the nucleus.

    Nuclear envelope, nucleolus, chromatin (DNA and proteins).

  • Define diffusion and osmosis.

    Diffusion: movement of molecules from high to low concentration; osmosis: diffusion of water across a membrane.

  • What are isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic solutions?

    Isotonic: equal solute concentration; hypertonic: higher solute outside; hypotonic: lower solute outside.

  • What is a tissue?

    A group of similar cells performing a common function.

  • Name the four types of tissues and their general functions.

    Epithelial (covering), connective (support), muscle (movement), nervous (control).

  • Difference between endocrine and exocrine glands.

    Endocrine glands secrete hormones into blood; exocrine glands secrete onto surfaces via ducts.