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Anatomy & Physiology Unit 1 Study Guide

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Terms in this set (40)

  • Define Anatomy and Physiology

    Anatomy is the study of body structure; Physiology is the study of body function.

  • Difference between gross and microscopic anatomy

    Gross anatomy studies structures visible to the naked eye; microscopic anatomy studies structures seen only with a microscope.

  • How does histology differ from cytology?

    Histology is the study of tissues; cytology is the study of individual cells.

  • List the eleven organ systems

    Integumentary, Skeletal, Muscular, Nervous, Endocrine, Cardiovascular, Lymphatic, Respiratory, Digestive, Urinary, Reproductive.

  • Describe the structure and purpose of serous membranes

    Serous membranes are double-layered membranes lining body cavities and covering organs; they reduce friction between organs.

  • Define homeostasis

    Homeostasis is the body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes.

  • Components needed for homeostasis

    Receptors detect change, control center processes information, effectors produce a response.

  • Difference between negative and positive feedback

    Negative feedback reverses a change to maintain stability; positive feedback amplifies a change to complete a process.

  • Example of negative feedback in the body

    Regulation of body temperature: sweating cools the body when hot.

  • Example of positive feedback in the body

    Childbirth contractions increase in intensity until delivery.

  • Why is the cell the smallest unit of life?

    Because cells carry out all functions necessary for life.

  • Correct order of life organization

    Chemical > Cellular > Tissue > Organ > Organ system > Organism.

  • Why is anatomical position important?

    It provides a standard reference for describing body parts and positions.

  • Describe the anatomical position

    Body standing upright, feet flat, arms at sides, palms facing forward, head and eyes facing forward.

  • Define histology

    Histology is the study of tissues and their structure.

  • Two major types of epithelial tissue

    Covering and lining epithelia and glandular epithelia.

  • Functions of epithelial tissue

    Protection, absorption, filtration, excretion, secretion, sensory reception.

  • Two parts of the basal lamina

    Lamina lucida and lamina densa.

  • Criteria to classify epithelial tissues

    Number of cell layers and shape of cells.

  • Types of specialized contacts in epithelial cells

    Tight junctions, gap junctions, desmosomes, hemidesmosomes.

  • Difference between endocrine and exocrine glands

    Endocrine glands secrete hormones into blood; exocrine glands secrete onto surfaces via ducts.

  • Examples of merocrine and holocrine secretion

    Merocrine: sweat glands; Holocrine: sebaceous glands.

  • Define a membrane

    A thin layer of tissue that covers surfaces, lines cavities, or divides spaces.

  • Four types of membranes

    Mucous, Cutaneous, Serous, Synovial membranes.

  • Three main components common to all connective tissue

    Cells, fibers, and ground substance.

  • Difference between -cyte and -blast cells

    -blast cells build matrix; -cyte cells maintain matrix.

  • Function of fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells

    Fibroblasts produce fibers; macrophages engulf debris; mast cells release histamine.

  • Major property of all muscle tissue

    Contractility – the ability to shorten and generate force.

  • Two main cell types in nervous tissue

    Neurons (signal transmission) and neuroglia (support cells).

  • Cardinal signs of inflammation

    Redness, heat, swelling, pain, and loss of function.

  • Functions of the integumentary system

    Protection, temperature regulation, sensation, vitamin D synthesis, excretion.

  • Two main layers of the skin

    Epidermis (outer) and dermis (inner).

  • Cells found in the epidermis and their functions

    Keratinocytes (protection), melanocytes (pigment), Langerhans (immune), Merkel (touch).

  • Factors determining skin color

    Melanin, carotene, and blood flow.

  • Role of melanin

    Protects skin from UV radiation by absorbing sunlight.

  • Difference between erythema and pallor

    Erythema is redness from increased blood flow; pallor is paleness from decreased blood flow.

  • Vitamin D production in the skin

    UV light converts precursors in skin to vitamin D, essential for calcium absorption.

  • Three types of burns

    First-degree (superficial), second-degree (partial thickness), third-degree (full thickness).

  • Most serious type of burn

    Third-degree burns, which destroy all skin layers.

  • ABCDEF rule for skin cancer detection

    Asymmetry, Border irregularity, Color variation, Diameter >6mm, Evolving, and Funny looking.