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Anatomy & Physiology Unit 3 Study Guide: Integumentary System & Bone Tissue

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Terms in this set (31)

  • Functions of the integumentary system

    The integumentary system protects against environmental damage, regulates body temperature, prevents water loss, synthesizes vitamin D, and provides sensory information.

  • Layers of the epidermis and their functions

    The epidermis has layers: stratum basale (cell division), stratum spinosum (strength), stratum granulosum (waterproofing), stratum lucidum (only in thick skin), and stratum corneum (dead cells, protection).

  • Difference between thin and thick skin

    Thick skin has a thicker epidermis with a stratum lucidum and no hair follicles; found on palms and soles. Thin skin has hair follicles and lacks stratum lucidum.

  • Role of Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) in the integumentary system

    EGF stimulates epidermal cell growth, division, and repair, aiding in wound healing and skin regeneration.

  • Structure and function of the papillary and reticular layers of the dermis

    Papillary layer is superficial, made of loose connective tissue, supports epidermis, and contains capillaries. Reticular layer is deeper, dense irregular connective tissue, provides strength and elasticity.

  • What causes tension in the dermis and its real-life application

    Tension lines in the dermis are caused by collagen fiber orientation; surgeons use these lines (Langer's lines) to make incisions that heal better with less scarring.

  • How the subcutaneous layer supports the integument

    The subcutaneous layer (hypodermis) anchors skin to underlying tissues, provides insulation, and stores energy as fat.

  • Different types of injections related to the integument

    Intradermal (into dermis), subcutaneous (into hypodermis), and intramuscular (into muscle) injections differ by depth and absorption rate.

  • How melanin is produced and transported to the skin

    Melanocytes produce melanin in melanosomes, which are transferred to keratinocytes, providing pigmentation and UV protection.

  • How blood flow alters skin coloration

    Increased blood flow causes redness (erythema), decreased flow causes paleness, and deoxygenated blood causes a bluish tint (cyanosis).

  • Impact of sunlight on bone health

    Sunlight stimulates skin to produce vitamin D, which is essential for calcium absorption and healthy bone mineralization.

  • Types and functions of integumentary secretory glands

    Sudoriferous glands produce sweat for thermoregulation, sebaceous glands secrete oil to lubricate skin, and ceruminous glands produce earwax.

  • Thermoregulation through the integumentary system

    The skin regulates temperature via sweat secretion, vasodilation to release heat, and vasoconstriction to conserve heat.

  • Stages of the wound healing process

    Wound healing stages: inflammation, proliferation (tissue formation), and remodeling (strengthening and scar formation).

  • Types of receptors found in the skin

    Skin contains mechanoreceptors (touch), thermoreceptors (temperature), nociceptors (pain), and proprioceptors.

  • Functions of the skeletal system

    The skeletal system provides support, protection, movement, mineral storage, blood cell production, and energy storage.

  • How origins and insertions impact bone structure

    Muscle origin is the fixed attachment; insertion moves with contraction, influencing bone leverage and movement.

  • Functions of each bone cell type

    Osteoblasts build bone, osteocytes maintain bone, osteoclasts resorb bone, and osteoprogenitor cells are stem cells for bone formation.

  • Lineage of bone cell types

    Osteoprogenitor cells differentiate into osteoblasts, which become osteocytes; osteoclasts derive from monocyte/macrophage lineage.

  • Structure and function of compact bone

    Compact bone is dense, forms the outer layer of bones, provides strength and support, and contains osteons.

  • Structure and function of spongy bone

    Spongy bone has a porous, trabecular structure, reduces bone weight, and houses red bone marrow for blood cell production.

  • Compare red and yellow bone marrow

    Red marrow produces blood cells; yellow marrow stores fat and can convert to red marrow if needed.

  • Force distribution in a long bone

    Long bones distribute compressive forces through the diaphysis and absorb stress via the trabeculae in spongy bone.

  • Compare periosteum and endosteum

    Periosteum covers outer bone surfaces, contains nerves and blood vessels; endosteum lines internal bone cavities and participates in bone growth and repair.

  • Stages of endochondral ossification

    Endochondral ossification stages: cartilage model formation, primary ossification center, secondary ossification centers, and bone remodeling.

  • Stages of intramembranous ossification

    Intramembranous ossification involves mesenchymal cell differentiation, osteoid secretion, calcification, and trabeculae formation.

  • Bone is not static: what does this mean?

    Bone is dynamic, constantly undergoing remodeling through resorption by osteoclasts and formation by osteoblasts.

  • Hormones related to the skeletal system and their actions

    Parathyroid hormone (PTH) increases blood calcium by stimulating osteoclasts; calcitonin lowers blood calcium by inhibiting osteoclasts.

  • How calcium levels influence PTH and calcitonin actions

    Low blood calcium triggers PTH release to increase calcium; high calcium triggers calcitonin release to decrease calcium.

  • Stages of fracture healing

    Fracture healing stages: hematoma formation, fibrocartilaginous callus formation, bony callus formation, and bone remodeling.

  • Commonalities between bone healing and bone development

    Both processes involve cell proliferation, matrix formation, calcification, and remodeling.