Skip to main content
Back

Anatomy & Physiology Unit I Study Guide pt. 1

Control buttons has been changed to "navigation" mode.
1/22
  • Define Anatomy and Physiology and their relationship

    Anatomy is the study of body structure; Physiology is the study of body function. They are related because structure influences function.

  • Levels of organization from atom to organism

    Atom → Molecule → Organelle → Cell → Tissue → Organ → Organ system → Organism

  • Define homeostasis and its components

    Homeostasis is maintaining a stable internal environment. Components: receptors detect change, control center processes info, effectors respond to restore balance.

  • Examples of positive and negative feedback systems

    Negative feedback reverses a change (e.g., body temperature regulation). Positive feedback amplifies a change (e.g., blood clotting, childbirth contractions).

  • Meaning of word roots, prefixes, and suffixes in medical terminology

    Word roots are basic meaningful parts. Prefixes modify meaning at the start. Suffixes modify meaning at the end of terms.

  • Identify the planes of reference

    Coronal (frontal): divides front/back. Sagittal (midsagittal): divides left/right. Transverse: divides top/bottom.

  • Describe anatomical position and key directional terms

    Body standing upright, facing forward, arms at sides, palms forward. Terms: superior, inferior, anterior, posterior, medial, lateral, proximal, distal, etc.

  • Major body systems and their primary functions

    Examples: Integumentary - protection; Skeletal - support; Muscular - movement; Cardiovascular - transport; Respiratory - gas exchange.

  • Major body cavities and abdominopelvic quadrants

    Body cavities: dorsal, ventral (thoracic, abdominopelvic). Abdominopelvic quadrants: right upper, left upper, right lower, left lower.

  • Four major organic molecules and their monomers

    Carbohydrates (monosaccharides), Lipids (fatty acids), Proteins (amino acids), Nucleic acids (nucleotides).

  • Define isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic solutions

    Isotonic: equal solute concentration. Hypotonic: lower solute outside, causes cell swelling. Hypertonic: higher solute outside, causes cell shrinkage.

  • Types of passive transport

    Diffusion: movement down concentration gradient. Osmosis: water diffusion. Facilitated diffusion: uses carrier proteins.

  • Types of active transport

    Pumps: move substances against gradient. Endocytosis: phagocytosis (cell eating), pinocytosis (cell drinking). Exocytosis: expels materials.

  • Key cell components and their functions

    Plasma membrane: controls entry/exit. Nucleus: stores DNA. Mitochondria: energy production. Ribosomes: protein synthesis.

  • Four major tissue types and examples

    Epithelial: covers surfaces. Connective: supports (bone, blood). Muscular: movement (skeletal, smooth). Nervous: transmits signals.

  • Functions of connective tissue proper components

    Fibroblasts: produce fibers. Mast cells: inflammation. Macrophages: phagocytosis. Fibers: collagen, elastic, reticular.

  • Types and functions of body membranes

    Mucous: lines cavities open to outside. Serous: lines closed cavities. Cutaneous: skin. Synovial: joint cavities.

  • Functions of the integumentary system

    Protection, temperature regulation, sensation, vitamin D synthesis, excretion, and immunity.

  • Layers of thin and thick skin

    Epidermis: stratum basale to stratum corneum. Dermis: papillary and reticular regions. Hypodermis: adipose tissue.

  • Accessory organs of the skin and their functions

    Hair: protection and sensation. Sebaceous glands: sebum production. Sweat glands: thermoregulation. Nails: protect fingertips.

  • Pigments in skin and hair

    Melanin (eumelanin and pheomelanin), carotene, and hemoglobin affect color.

  • Where is Vitamin D3 made and its role

    Vitamin D3 is made in the skin under UV light and is essential for calcium absorption and bone health.