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Anatomy & Physiology Week 1-2 Key Concepts

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Terms in this set (27)

  • Define Anatomy and Physiology

    Anatomy is the study of the structure of the body. Physiology is the study of the functions of anatomical structures and their cooperative functions.

  • Functions of the Integumentary System

    Protects against environmental hazards, regulates body temperature, and provides sensory information through skin, hair, sweat glands, nails, and sebaceous glands.

  • Primary roles of the Skeletal System

    Supports and protects tissues, stores calcium and minerals, and forms blood cells through bones, cartilage, ligaments, and bone marrow.

  • Homeostasis and its types of regulation

    Homeostasis is a state of dynamic equilibrium. Autoregulation is an automatic local response; extrinsic regulation is controlled by nervous and endocrine systems.

  • Components of a homeostatic control system

    Receptor detects stimulus, control center processes signal and sends instructions, effector carries out instructions.

  • Difference between negative and positive feedback

    Negative feedback negates the stimulus to restore homeostasis (e.g., temperature control). Positive feedback amplifies the stimulus, moving away from homeostasis (e.g., blood clotting, childbirth).

  • Passive vs Active Transport

    Passive transport requires no ATP (diffusion, osmosis). Active transport requires ATP to move substances against concentration gradients.

  • Selective permeability of plasma membranes depends on

    Size, electrical charge, molecular shape, and lipid solubility of substances.

  • Osmosis and osmotic pressure

    Osmosis is water diffusion across membranes. Osmotic pressure is the force needed to stop osmosis caused by a concentration gradient of water.

  • Tonicity: isotonic, hypotonic, hypertonic solutions

    Isotonic: no net water movement. Hypotonic: fewer solutes, water enters cell causing hemolysis. Hypertonic: more solutes, water leaves cell causing crenation.

  • Carrier-mediated transport types

    Cotransport: two substances move in the same direction. Countertransport: one substance moves in while another moves out.

  • Facilitated diffusion mechanism

    Carrier proteins transport large molecules by binding specific molecules, changing shape, and moving them across the membrane without ATP.

  • Primary vs Secondary active transport

    Primary active transport uses ATP directly to move ions. Secondary active transport uses ion gradients (e.g., Na+) created by ATP to transport other molecules like glucose.

  • Vesicular transport types

    Endocytosis (receptor-mediated, pinocytosis, phagocytosis) brings materials into the cell; exocytosis releases materials from the cell.

  • Four main tissue types

    Epithelial, connective, muscle, and neural tissues perform specific, limited functions in the body.

  • Characteristics of epithelial tissue

    Cellularity, polarity, attachment to basement membrane, avascularity, and regeneration.

  • Functions of epithelial tissue specializations

    Move fluids over epithelium (protection), move fluids through epithelium (permeability), and produce secretions (glandular epithelium).

  • Types of cell junctions in epithelial tissue

    Tight junctions prevent passage of water/solutes, gap junctions allow communication, desmosomes provide structural stability.

  • Layers of the basement membrane

    Clear layer (lamina lucida) is thin; dense layer (lamina densa) contains thick fibers anchoring epithelium.

  • Classification of epithelia by shape and layers

    Shapes: squamous (flat), cuboidal (square), columnar (tall). Layers: simple (single), stratified (multiple).

  • Examples of simple epithelia

    Mesothelium lines body cavities; endothelium lines heart and blood vessels.

  • Glandular epithelia types and secretion modes

    Endocrine glands release hormones into blood; exocrine glands secrete onto surfaces via ducts. Secretion modes: merocrine (exocytosis), apocrine (cytoplasm loss), holocrine (cell rupture).

  • Connective tissue components

    Specialized cells, solid extracellular protein fibers, and fluid extracellular ground substance form the matrix.

  • Types of connective tissue

    Connective tissue proper (loose and dense), fluid connective tissue (blood, lymph), and supporting connective tissue (cartilage, bone).

  • Examples of loose connective tissue

    Areolar (holds blood vessels), adipose (fat storage), reticular (supports organs like spleen and liver).

  • Dense connective tissue types

    Dense regular: parallel collagen fibers (tendons, ligaments). Dense irregular: interwoven collagen fibers (skin, periosteum).

  • Four types of membranes in the body

    Mucous membranes (secrete mucus), serous membranes, cutaneous membrane (skin), and synovial membranes (joint cavities).