anatomy test 2 flash cards

linked by cadherins allows for stretch in heart, skin

things like ions move freely between cells like neurons or some parts of heart

moves through phospholipid bilayer. Typically small lipid soluble molecules

proteins like lock and key specific molecule binds to and gets let in does not use energy/ATP passive

tunnels for ions to go through

aquaporin proteins absorb water

ATP driven like sodium potassium pump

energy created from ATP concentration gradient like sodium glucose transporter sodium moves down its concentration gradient pulling glucose with it up its concentration gradient

Bulk transport cell eating example white blood cells eat bacteria enclosing it into a phagosome

Bulk transport cell drinking cell takes sample of ECF into vesicle

2 molecules move in same direction like sodium glucose transporter 2 substances moving into the cell or out of cell

sends one substance in one out pumps in opposite directions

one thing moving in one direction in or out

bulk transport extracellular substances bond to specific receptors to be pulled into vesicle.

bulk transport. Cell puts things in vesicle and removes it from cell, examples waste removal, mucus, neurotransmitters

entire region between plasma membrane and nuclear envelope 70-80% water has organelles

phospholipid membrane contains nucleoplasm also contains DNA chromosomes and chromatin

responsible for protein synthesis the process of combining separate parts, to form a single whole. Can be attached or free floating

"Power house of cell" Makes APT uses glucose and oxygen produces CO2 as waste . Has double membrane has its own ribosomes and DNA

phospholipid bi-layer oxidation reactions releasing hydrogen peroxide involved in detoxification often found in liver and kidneys

phospholipid bi-layer

interconnected membranous sacs and tubules main part is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

has ribosomes attached to it job is to modify proteins ribosomes make the proteins and send them to the rough ER to be modified

has no ribosomes synthesizes lipids, steroid hormones, carbohydrates. Some detoxification, muscle cells store calcium molecules in sarcoplasmic reticulum

sort, tag and distribute lipids and proteins receive them from vesicles where they sort, tag and then distribute through vesicles

destroy pathogens and waste with hydrolytic enzymes (enzymes that can perform hydrolysis) involved in phagocytosis and endocytosis

network of protein fibers that help maintain shape of cell, secure organelles, allow movement of vesicles and cytoplasm

holds cells together to form tissues

exocrine glands use ducts to release substances onto body surfaces or into internal cavities can be unicellular or multi cellular

endocrine glands are ductless and release hormones directly into the bloodstream secrete by exocytosis

covering and lining like skin, digestive tract. Glands, such as Endocrine, Exocrine glands

Thick protection, Thin absorption, filtration, excretion, secretion, and sensory reception.

polarity the 2 ends are different apical surface (top) may have microvilli or cilia. Has a basement membrane basal lamina + reticular lamina. Avascular no blood vessels but innervated does have nerve endings (sensor receptors) . It is highly regenerative

microvilli increase surface area increased absorption. Cilia involved in movement propel substances

basal lamina bunch of glycoproteins and collagen fibers act as a filter . Reticular lamina collagen fiber of connective tissue underneath helps with support

Simple squamous, simple cuboidal , simple columnar, stratified squamous cells , pseudostratified columnar , transitional epithelium

filtration through diffusion can be found in lungs, kidneys , lining of heart, forms a lot of the serous membranes. Secrete serous fluid in the serous membranes

secretion and absorption often found in kidney tubules, ducts and secretory portion of small glands

absorption, secretion of mucus, enzymes and other substances, nonciliated type often found in the digestive tract with microvilli to increase absorption

found in trachea , most of upper respiratory tract ciliated secrets mucous

protects found in areas subject to abrasion nonkeratinized type found in moist linings like mouth stomach etc keratinized found in epidermis of skin a dry membrane

unique to urinary system lines ureters, bladder, urethrae urethra can stretch . Resembles both stratified squamous with cuboidal

type of epithelial tissue a gland is one or more cells that make AND secrete hormones

merocrine glands secrete through exocytosis like sweat glands and salvatory glands

holocrine glands accumulate products until they blow up

connective tissue proper can be loose or dense, cartilage, bone, blood

binding and supporting, protecting, insulating, storing reserve fuel, transporting substances

all connective tissue arise from mesenchyme. Degrees of vascularity cartilage has no vascularity , dense irregular connective tissue is poorly vascularized areolar is highly vascularized. Non living extracellular matrix

Non living extracellular matrix has interstitial fluid between cells very dense in cell adhesion proteins which act as tissue glue. Contains 3 types of fibers collagen fiber, elastic fiber, reticular fiber.

if it ends it blasts it is an immature cell that secretes ground substance and fibers are mitotic divide creating more. Cyte are mature cells less active helps to maintain matrix that has already been created

areolar soft connective tissue gel matrix has all 3 fiber types wraps and cushions organs,. It is also under the skin, phagocytizes bacteria plays a role in inflammation

adipose fat tissue provides reserve food source, insulates from heat loss under skin in the hypodermis helps prevent heat loss. Protects organs

tissue of the lymph node system forms a soft external skeleton that support other cell types like white blood cells, mast cells, and macrophages

dense regular lots of collagen fibers a few elastic fibers oriented in same direction make up tendons muscle to bones and ligaments bones to bones. Good at resistance to stress in one direction

dense irregular are irregularly arranged collagen fibers some elastic fibers withstand tension in multiple directions found in capsules of joint especially ones with lots of movement like shoulder capsule. Also found in dermis and in submucosa

elastic connective tissue contain lots of elastic fibers allows tissue to recoil after stretching mainly found in the walls of our arteries like the aorta of our heart

Hyaline resists compressive stress forms costal cartilage of ribs in joint cavities so bones dont rub against bones

elastic cartilage made of more elastic fibers maintains shape while maintaining flexibility found in ear and epiglottis

Fiber cartilage best at resisting compressive shock in disk of knees, in disk of spine vertebrae, pubic synthesis

bone many collagen fibers, osteocytes very well vassalized hard calcified supports and protects provides levers for muscles, stores calcium and other minerals is the site for blood cell formation

red in white blood cells in fluid matrix (plasma) transports respiratory gasses, waste, nutrients.

highly vascularized, responsible for most movement, and it has myofilaments type of fiber only in muscle cells

voluntary movement attach mostly to bone sometimes skin. They are long cylindrical multinucleate cells , obvious striations

involuntary control one nucleus , branching , has intercalated disks with cell junctions gap junctions for nutrients and ions and desmosomes for stretch

involuntary control spindle shaped cells propels substances like urine moving into bladder out of bladder, nutrients moving in stomach

regulates and controls body functions neurons and supporting cells glia cells

sheets that contain epithelium and connective tissue proper

Cutaneous, Mucous, Serous

epidermis + dermis = skin stratified squamous and dermis is dense irregular connective tissue.

stratified squamous like in mouth or simple columnar in stomach + Lamina propria all of which are wet but not all secrete mucous

simple squamous (mesothelium)+ areolar. Pleural lines the lungs, Pericardium lines the heart, peritoneum lines the abdomen pelvic region