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APHY101 Chapter 1: Anatomy & Physiology Fundamentals

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Terms in this set (29)

  • What is the difference between anatomy and physiology?

    Anatomy is the study of body structure and relationships. Physiology is the study of body function and how parts work.

  • What are the levels of structural organization in the human body?

    Chemical, Cellular, Tissue, Organ, Organ System, and Organism levels.

  • Name the necessary life functions.

    Maintaining boundaries, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction, and growth.

  • What are the survival needs of the human body?

    Nutrients, oxygen, water, normal body temperature, and appropriate atmospheric pressure.

  • Define homeostasis.

    Homeostasis is the body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes.

  • What is negative feedback in homeostasis?

    A mechanism that reverses a change to return the body to its set point, maintaining stability.

  • What is positive feedback in homeostasis?

    A mechanism that amplifies a change, moving the system further from its starting state.

  • Describe the anatomical position.

    Body standing upright, feet parallel, arms at sides, palms facing forward, and head facing forward.

  • What are directional terms used in anatomy?

    Superior, inferior, anterior, posterior, medial, lateral, proximal, distal, superficial, and deep.

  • What are the major body planes?

    Sagittal (divides left/right), frontal (divides front/back), and transverse (divides top/bottom).

  • Name the major body cavities and their subdivisions.

    Dorsal cavity (cranial and vertebral) and ventral cavity (thoracic and abdominopelvic).

  • What are the abdominopelvic regions?

    Right and left hypochondriac, epigastric, right and left lumbar, umbilical, right and left iliac, and hypogastric regions.

  • What are the four abdominopelvic quadrants?

    Right upper, left upper, right lower, and left lower quadrants.

  • List the major organ systems and their primary functions.

    Integumentary (protection), skeletal (support), muscular (movement), nervous (control), endocrine (hormones), cardiovascular (transport), lymphatic (immunity), respiratory (gas exchange), digestive (nutrient breakdown), urinary (waste removal), reproductive (offspring production).

  • What is the function of the integumentary system?

    Protects the body, regulates temperature, and prevents water loss.

  • What is the function of the skeletal system?

    Provides support, protects organs, stores minerals, and produces blood cells.

  • What is the function of the muscular system?

    Allows movement, maintains posture, and produces heat.

  • What is the function of the nervous system?

    Controls body activities with electrical signals and processes information.

  • What is the function of the endocrine system?

    Secretes hormones that regulate growth, metabolism, and reproduction.

  • What is the function of the cardiovascular system?

    Transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and wastes throughout the body.

  • What is the function of the lymphatic system?

    Returns fluid to blood, defends against infection, and absorbs fats from the digestive tract.

  • What is the function of the respiratory system?

    Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood and air.

  • What is the function of the digestive system?

    Breaks down food, absorbs nutrients, and eliminates waste.

  • What is the function of the urinary system?

    Removes nitrogenous wastes and maintains water and electrolyte balance.

  • What is the function of the reproductive system?

    Produces offspring and sex hormones.

  • What is the role of the Lab 1 checklist in APHY101?

    To identify and understand key anatomical structures and terms covered in the first lab session.

  • Why is understanding anatomical position important?

    It provides a standard reference for describing body parts and positions consistently.

  • How does negative feedback maintain homeostasis?

    By detecting deviations and initiating responses that reverse the change to restore balance.

  • Give an example of positive feedback in the human body.

    Blood clotting and childbirth contractions are examples where the response amplifies the stimulus.