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Basic Chemistry and Biomolecules in Anatomy & Physiology

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Terms in this set (22)

  • Major elements making up the human body
    Oxygen (65%), Carbon (18.5%), Hydrogen (9.5%), and Nitrogen (3.2%) are the major elements essential for organic and inorganic molecules.
  • Role of calcium in the body
    Calcium (1.5%) is found in bones and teeth, required for muscle contraction, neural transmission, and blood clotting.
  • Definition of an ionic bond
    An ionic bond forms when one atom donates electrons to another, creating charged ions that attract each other.
  • Definition of a covalent bond
    A covalent bond forms when atoms share electrons to fill their outer shells, creating strong molecular bonds.
  • Example of a molecule with covalent bonds
    Water (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2) are examples of molecules formed by covalent bonds.
  • Hydrogen bond and its importance
    A hydrogen bond is a weak attraction between a hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom, important for water's properties and protein structure.
  • Factors increasing the rate of chemical reactions
    Increased temperature, higher concentration of reactants, smaller particle size, and presence of catalysts increase reaction rates.
  • Role of catalysts in chemical reactions
    Catalysts lower the activation energy needed, allowing reactions to proceed faster without being consumed.
  • Definition of a synthesis reaction
    A synthesis reaction combines smaller molecules into larger ones, often requiring energy input.
  • Definition of a decomposition reaction
    A decomposition reaction breaks down larger molecules into smaller ones, releasing energy.
  • Role of water in chemical reactions
    Water participates in hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis, breaking and forming bonds in biomolecules.
  • Neutral fats (triglycerides) function
    Neutral fats store energy, protect organs, and insulate the body.
  • Phospholipids role in the body
    Phospholipids form cell membranes and help transport lipids in the bloodstream.
  • Steroids and their function
    Steroids, including cholesterol, form cell membranes and serve as precursors for hormones.
  • Function of prostaglandins
    Prostaglandins regulate inflammation, blood pressure, and other local cellular activities.
  • Basic structure of amino acids
    Amino acids have an amino group, carboxyl group, hydrogen atom, and variable R group attached to a central carbon.
  • Protein primary structure
    The primary structure is the linear sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain.
  • Role of enzymes in the body
    Enzymes catalyze biochemical reactions, increasing reaction rates without being consumed.
  • Function of antibodies
    Antibodies recognize and neutralize foreign substances, aiding immune defense.
  • Role of hormones
    Hormones regulate growth, development, metabolism, and reproductive functions.
  • Structure of DNA
    DNA is a double helix composed of nucleotide pairs: adenine-thymine and cytosine-guanine.
  • Function of transport proteins
    Transport proteins carry substances like oxygen and ions through the blood and cell membranes.