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Basic Chemistry Concepts in Anatomy & Physiology

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Terms in this set (20)

  • What is matter?

    Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space. It can be seen, smelled, or felt and exists in three states: solid, liquid, and gas.

  • Define energy and its two main forms.

    Energy is the capacity to do work or put matter into motion. It exists as kinetic energy (energy in action) and potential energy (stored energy).

  • What are the four most abundant elements in the human body?

    Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen make up 96% of the human body mass.

  • Describe the structure of an atom.

    An atom consists of a nucleus containing protons (+) and neutrons (neutral), with electrons (-) orbiting in an electron cloud around the nucleus.

  • What is the difference between the planetary and orbital models of the atom?

    The planetary model shows electrons in fixed orbits, while the orbital model depicts electrons in probabilistic regions called orbitals, forming an electron cloud.

  • Define atomic number and mass number.

    Atomic number is the number of protons in the nucleus. Mass number is the total number of protons and neutrons.

  • What are isotopes?

    Isotopes are atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons, resulting in different mass numbers.

  • What is a molecule and a compound?

    A molecule is two or more atoms bonded together. A compound is a molecule with two or more different kinds of atoms bonded.

  • Name and describe the three types of mixtures.

    Solutions are homogeneous mixtures with tiny solute particles. Colloids are heterogeneous with larger particles that do not settle. Suspensions have large particles that settle out.

  • What is the difference between mixtures and compounds?

    Mixtures do not involve chemical bonding and can be separated physically; compounds involve chemical bonds and are homogeneous.

  • What role do electrons play in chemical bonding?

    Electrons in the valence shell determine chemical bonding by being gained, lost, or shared to achieve stability.

  • Explain the octet rule.

    Atoms tend to gain, lose, or share electrons to have 8 electrons in their valence shell (2 for hydrogen and helium) for stability.

  • Describe ionic bonds.

    Ionic bonds form when valence electrons are transferred from one atom to another, creating oppositely charged ions that attract.

  • Describe covalent bonds and their types.

    Covalent bonds form by sharing valence electrons. They can be nonpolar (equal sharing) or polar (unequal sharing).

  • What are hydrogen bonds?

    Hydrogen bonds are weak attractions between a hydrogen atom with a partial positive charge and an electronegative atom of another molecule.

  • What are synthesis, decomposition, and exchange reactions?

    Synthesis: atoms/molecules combine to form larger molecules.
    Decomposition: molecules break down into smaller parts.
    Exchange: bonds are both made and broken.

  • What is the pH scale and what does it measure?

    The pH scale measures hydrogen ion concentration in a solution, ranging from 0 (acidic) to 14 (basic), with 7 being neutral.

  • What is dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis?

    Dehydration synthesis joins monomers by removing water. Hydrolysis breaks polymers into monomers by adding water.

  • What are monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides?

    Monosaccharides are single sugars, disaccharides are two sugars joined, and polysaccharides are many sugars linked together.

  • What are saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?

    Saturated fatty acids have no double bonds and are solid at room temperature. Unsaturated fatty acids have one or more double bonds and are liquid at room temperature.