BackBasic Chemistry for Anatomy & Physiology
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Terms in this set (30)
Matter is anything that takes up space and has mass.
Energy is the capacity to do work or put matter into motion. It exists as potential energy (stored) and kinetic energy (active).
Solid (definite shape and volume), liquid (changeable shape, definite volume), and gas (changeable shape and volume).
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.
Protons (positive charge), neutrons (no charge), and electrons (negative charge).
Protons and neutrons are in the nucleus; electrons orbit in electron shells around the nucleus.
Atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.
A molecule is two or more atoms bonded together; a compound is a molecule with two or more different kinds of atoms.
Solutions (homogeneous), colloids (heterogeneous, particles do not settle), and suspensions (heterogeneous, large particles settle out).
Mixtures are physically combined and separable; compounds are chemically bonded and homogeneous.
Formed by the transfer of valence electrons from one atom to another, creating charged ions attracted to each other.
Formed when atoms share valence electron pairs; can be nonpolar (equal sharing) or polar (unequal sharing).
Weak attractions between a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to an electronegative atom and another electronegative atom.
Atoms or molecules combine to form a larger molecule; anabolic process (A + B → AB).
A molecule is broken down into smaller molecules or atoms; catabolic process (AB → A + B).
A special exchange reaction where oxidation is loss of electrons and reduction is gain of electrons.
Higher temperature, higher reactant concentration, smaller particle size, and presence of catalysts.
Water, salts, acids, and bases.
It has high heat capacity, acts as a universal solvent, participates in chemical reactions, and cushions organs.
pH measures hydrogen ion concentration; normal blood pH is 7.35–7.45.
Joining monomers by removing water (OH from one monomer and H from another) to form covalent bonds.
Breaking polymers into monomers by adding water.
Simple sugars and monomers of carbohydrates; examples include glucose, fructose, and galactose.
Fats composed of glycerol and three fatty acids; function as energy storage, insulation, and protection.
Saturated fats have single bonds and are solid at room temperature; unsaturated fats have double bonds and are liquid.
Modified triglycerides with polar heads and nonpolar tails; important in cell membrane structure.
Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds.
Primary (amino acid sequence), secondary (α-helix or β-pleated sheets), tertiary (3D folding), quaternary (interaction of multiple polypeptides).
Unfolding of globular proteins due to extreme pH or temperature, causing loss of function.
Adenosine triphosphate; the universal energy currency of cells, providing immediate energy for cellular work.