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BIO 141 Final Exam Review - Anatomy & Physiology

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  • What is homeostasis?

    Homeostasis is the body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes.

  • Difference between negative and positive feedback

    Negative feedback reverses a change to maintain balance; positive feedback amplifies a change to drive a process to completion.

  • Name the main body planes

    Body planes include sagittal, frontal (coronal), and transverse planes.

  • What are anatomical directions?

    Terms like anterior/posterior, superior/inferior, and medial/lateral describe locations on the body.

  • What are atoms and subatomic particles?

    Atoms are the smallest units of matter, made of protons, neutrons, and electrons.

  • Define anabolism and catabolism

    Anabolism builds complex molecules from simpler ones; catabolism breaks down molecules to release energy.

  • What is pH in terms of acid/base?

    pH measures acidity or alkalinity; lower pH is acidic, higher pH is basic (alkaline).

  • Examples of organic molecules

    Organic molecules include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

  • Key properties of the cell membrane

    The cell membrane is selectively permeable, controls transport, and contains phospholipids and proteins.

  • Difference between active and passive transport

    Active transport requires energy to move substances against a gradient; passive transport does not require energy.

  • What is the cell cycle?

    The cell cycle includes phases of growth, DNA replication, and cell division.

  • Characteristics of connective tissue

    Connective tissue supports, binds, and protects; it has cells, fibers, and a matrix.

  • Characteristics of epithelial tissue

    Epithelial tissue covers surfaces, lines cavities, and forms glands; cells are tightly packed.

  • What are serous, parietal, and visceral membranes?

    Serous membranes line body cavities; parietal lines cavity walls; visceral covers organs.

  • Layers of the epidermis and dermis

    The epidermis has layers like stratum basale and stratum corneum; the dermis contains connective tissue and glands.

  • Types of burns and skin cancers

    Burns are classified by depth; common skin cancers include basal cell carcinoma and melanoma.

  • Types and shapes of bones

    Bone types include long, short, flat, and irregular; shapes relate to function.

  • What are projections and depressions on bones?

    Projections are bone markings that grow out; depressions are indentations for joints or vessels.

  • Types of joints and their movements

    Joints can be freely movable, slightly movable, or immovable, allowing various movements.

  • Types of muscle tissue

    Muscle types include skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle.

  • Basics of muscle contraction

    Muscle contraction involves actin and myosin filaments sliding past each other using ATP.

  • Difference between CNS and PNS

    CNS includes brain and spinal cord; PNS includes all other nerves.

  • Autonomic vs somatic nervous system

    Autonomic controls involuntary functions; somatic controls voluntary muscle movements.

  • Role of neuroglia and neurons

    Neurons transmit signals; neuroglia support and protect neurons.

  • What is an action potential?

    An action potential is a rapid change in membrane potential that transmits nerve impulses.

  • Functions of brain lobes

    Brain lobes include frontal (movement), parietal (sensory), occipital (vision), and temporal (hearing).

  • Difference between ascending and descending tracts

    Ascending tracts carry sensory info to the brain; descending tracts carry motor commands from the brain.

  • What are plexus nerves?

    Plexus nerves are networks of intersecting nerves that serve limbs and organs.

  • Parasympathetic vs sympathetic nervous system

    Parasympathetic promotes rest and digestion; sympathetic prepares body for fight or flight.

  • What are the special senses?

    Special senses include vision, hearing, taste, smell, and balance.