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Biomolecules and Enzymes - Anatomy & Physiology

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Terms in this set (44)

  • What are biomolecules?

    Complex molecules made in nature by living organisms.

  • Are biomolecules organic or inorganic compounds?

    Biomolecules are organic compounds.

  • List the four main classes of biomolecules.

    Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids.

  • What are monomers in biomolecules?

    Subunits or building blocks of biomolecules.

  • What are polymers in biomolecules?

    Long chains of repeating monomer subunits.

  • Is starch a monomer or polymer?

    Polymer.

  • Is glucose a monomer or polymer?

    Monomer.

  • Is DNA a monomer or polymer?

    Polymer.

  • What is the monomer of carbohydrates?

    Monosaccharides.

  • Name three common monosaccharides found in food.

    Glucose, Fructose, Galactose.

  • What 5-carbon monosaccharides are found in DNA and RNA?

    DNA: Deoxyribose, RNA: Ribose.

  • Name the disaccharides common table sugar, milk sugar, and grain sugar.

    Table sugar: Sucrose, Milk sugar: Lactose, Grain sugar: Maltose.

  • Name three common polysaccharides found in plants and animals.

    Plants: Starch, Cellulose; Animals: Glycogen.

  • Which polysaccharide makes up plant cell walls and is indigestible by humans?

    Cellulose.

  • List the four types of lipids found in humans.

    Fatty acids, Phospholipids, Steroids, Triglycerides.

  • Which lipid type is made of four connected carbon rings and functions as hormones and membrane components?

    Steroids.

  • What are fatty acids?

    Long carbon chains with hydrogen atoms and a carboxyl group; used for energy and membrane components.

  • What are phospholipids composed of?

    Glycerol attached to two fatty acids and a phosphate group; major cell membrane components.

  • What are triglycerides used for?

    Long-term energy storage, insulation, and cushioning; glycerol with three fatty acids.

  • Cholesterol is an example of which lipid type?

    Steroid.

  • What is the monomer of proteins?

    Amino acids.

  • Name eight functions of proteins.

    Enzymes, structural support, transport, defense, signaling, movement, storage, regulation.

  • What type of bond links two amino acids?

    Peptide bond.

  • What are the two ends of an amino acid?

    Amino end (NH2) and carboxyl end (COOH).

  • What is a molecule of two amino acids called? And many amino acids? And a folded complex protein?

    Dipeptide, polypeptide, protein.

  • In proteins, what determines function?

    Shape determines function.

  • List the four levels of protein structure.

    Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary.

  • What protein structure does hemoglobin have?

    Quaternary structure.

  • What causes the spiral or pleated shapes in proteins?

    Secondary structure due to hydrogen bonds.

  • What is protein denaturation?

    Loss of protein shape and function due to changes in pH, temperature, or ion balance.

  • In the enzyme diagram, what does number 1 represent?

    Enzyme.

  • In the enzyme diagram, what does number 2 represent?

    Substrate.

  • What is the active site on an enzyme?

    The region where the substrate binds and the reaction occurs.

  • What is the monomer of nucleic acids?

    Nucleotides.

  • Name the two major nucleic acids and their abbreviations.

    Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and Ribonucleic acid (RNA).

  • Which nucleic acid is single-stranded?

    RNA.

  • Which nucleic acid is double-stranded and forms a double helix?

    DNA.

  • Which nucleic acid stores genetic information and controls protein synthesis?

    DNA.

  • Which nucleic acid carries out protein synthesis?

    RNA.

  • What components does a nucleotide contain?

    Nitrogenous base, phosphate group, sugar; does not contain a carboxyl group.

  • Which nucleotide is found in RNA but not DNA?

    Uracil.

  • Which nucleotide is found in DNA but not RNA?

    Thymine.

  • What type of bonds store energy in ATP?

    Two high-energy phosphate bonds.

  • Complete the ATP to ADP reaction equation.

    \(\mathrm{ATP} \rightleftharpoons \mathrm{ADP} + P_i + \text{energy}\)