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Blood and Hematology - Anatomy & Physiology

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Terms in this set (26)

  • Composition of plasma

    Plasma is mostly water with dissolved solutes including plasma proteins like albumin, globulins, and fibrinogen, produced mainly by the liver. These proteins maintain osmotic pressure, transport substances, and aid in clotting.

  • Erythrocytes (RBCs)

    Red blood cells are biconcave, anucleate cells specialized for oxygen transport via hemoglobin.

  • Five types of leukocytes (WBCs)

    Neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils; classified as granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils) or agranulocytes (lymphocytes, monocytes).

  • Morphological differences: erythrocytes vs leukocytes

    Erythrocytes are small, biconcave, and lack nuclei; leukocytes are larger, nucleated, and vary in shape and granule presence.

  • Normal erythrocyte counts and hematocrit

    RBC count: males ~4.7-6.1 million/µL, females ~4.2-5.4 million/µL; hematocrit: males ~42-52%, females ~37-47%.

  • Normal leukocyte and platelet counts

    Leukocytes: 4,500-11,000 cells/µL; platelets: 150,000-450,000/µL.

  • Leukocyte prevalence order and classification

    Most to least common: neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils; granulocytes include neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils; agranulocytes include lymphocytes and monocytes.

  • Structural difference of platelets

    Platelets are small, cell fragments without nuclei, derived from megakaryocytes, unlike whole cells of RBCs and WBCs.

  • Location of hematopoiesis

    Hematopoiesis occurs primarily in the red bone marrow of flat bones and proximal epiphyses of long bones.

  • Erythropoiesis and erythropoietin regulation

    Erythropoiesis is RBC production stimulated by erythropoietin, a hormone from the kidneys in response to low oxygen levels.

  • Role of megakaryocytes

    Megakaryocytes are large bone marrow cells that fragment to form platelets essential for clotting.

  • Function of red blood cells

    RBCs transport oxygen from lungs to tissues and carry carbon dioxide back to lungs.

  • Structure and function of hemoglobin

    Hemoglobin is a protein with four heme groups that bind oxygen; it carries oxygen and facilitates CO2 transport. Breakdown produces bilirubin and iron recycling.

  • Functions of the five leukocyte types

    Neutrophils: phagocytosis; lymphocytes: immune response; monocytes: become macrophages; eosinophils: combat parasites; basophils: release histamine in inflammation.

  • Function of platelets

    Platelets initiate blood clotting by forming a platelet plug and releasing clotting factors.

  • Difference between hemostasis and coagulation

    Hemostasis is the overall process to stop bleeding; coagulation is the blood clotting phase involving fibrin formation.

  • Process of hemostasis

    Includes vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, and coagulation to seal vessel injury.

  • Examples of hemostatic disorders

    Thrombus (clot in vessel), embolus (dislodged clot), hemophilia (clotting factor deficiency), disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC, widespread clotting).

  • Role of RBC surface antigens in blood groups

    Surface antigens (A, B, Rh) on RBCs determine blood group and compatibility for transfusions.

  • Antigens and antibodies in ABO blood types

    Type A: A antigen, anti-B antibodies; Type B: B antigen, anti-A antibodies; Type AB: A and B antigens, no antibodies; Type O: no antigens, anti-A and anti-B antibodies.

  • Rh antigen and blood classification

    Presence of Rh antigen = Rh positive; absence = Rh negative.

  • Development of anti-Rh vs anti-A/B antibodies

    Anti-A and anti-B antibodies develop naturally; anti-Rh antibodies develop only after exposure to Rh-positive blood.

  • Blood type compatibility and transfusion reactions

    Incompatible transfusions cause agglutination and hemolysis; compatibility depends on matching ABO and Rh antigens.

  • Universal donor and recipient blood types

    Universal donor: type O negative (no A, B, or Rh antigens); universal recipient: type AB positive (no antibodies).

  • Types of anemia

    Anemias include iron-deficiency, pernicious, aplastic, hemolytic, and sickle cell, each with different causes and effects on RBCs.

  • Definitions of polycythemia, thrombocytopenia, leukemia, erythroblastosis fetalis

    Polycythemia: excess RBCs; thrombocytopenia: low platelets; leukemia: cancer of WBCs; erythroblastosis fetalis: hemolytic disease of newborn due to Rh incompatibility.