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Bones and Skeletal Tissues - Anatomy & Physiology

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Terms in this set (28)

  • Functions of bone

    Support, protection, movement, mineral storage, blood cell formation (hemopoiesis), and energy storage in yellow marrow.

  • Difference between compact and spongy bone

    Compact bone is dense and solid, forming the outer layer; spongy bone is porous, found inside bones, and contains trabeculae with marrow spaces.

  • Types of cartilage in the skeletal system

    Hyaline cartilage, fibrocartilage, and elastic cartilage, each with distinct locations and functions.

  • Structural components of a long bone

    Diaphysis (shaft), epiphyses (ends), medullary cavity, articular cartilage, periosteum, and endosteum.

  • Four major classes of bones by shape

    Long, short, flat, and irregular bones.

  • Bone marrow types and locations

    Red bone marrow produces blood cells and is found in spongy bone; yellow bone marrow stores fat and is found in the medullary cavity.

  • Four types of bone cells and their functions

    Osteoprogenitor cells (stem cells), osteoblasts (build bone), osteocytes (maintain bone), and osteoclasts (resorb bone).

  • Composition of bone matrix

    Organic osteoid (collagen fibers) and inorganic hydroxyapatite crystals (\(\mathrm{Ca}_{10}(\mathrm{PO}_4)_6(\mathrm{OH})_2\)) for strength and flexibility.

  • Intramembranous ossification

    Bone forms directly from mesenchymal tissue; occurs mainly in flat bones like the skull.

  • Endochondral ossification

    Bone develops by replacing hyaline cartilage; typical in long bones.

  • Five zones of the epiphyseal plate

    Resting, proliferative, hypertrophic, calcification, and ossification zones; responsible for lengthwise bone growth.

  • Appositional growth

    Bone growth in thickness by adding new bone tissue to the surface.

  • Bone remodeling

    Continuous process of bone resorption and formation to maintain strength and mineral homeostasis.

  • Effect of mechanical stress on bone

    Increases bone density and strength by stimulating osteoblast activity.

  • Hormones influencing bone growth and remodeling

    Growth hormone, thyroid hormone, sex hormones, parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, and calcitriol.

  • Activation of vitamin D to calcitriol

    Vitamin D is converted in the liver and kidneys to calcitriol, which increases calcium absorption in the intestines.

  • Role of parathyroid hormone (PTH)

    Increases blood calcium by stimulating osteoclasts and enhancing calcium absorption and reabsorption.

  • Role of calcitonin

    Decreases blood calcium by inhibiting osteoclast activity and promoting calcium deposition in bone.

  • Bone fracture types

    Complete vs incomplete, simple (closed) vs compound (open), and displaced vs nondisplaced fractures.

  • Four steps of fracture healing

    Hematoma formation, fibrocartilaginous callus formation, bony callus formation, and bone remodeling.

  • Microscopic anatomy of compact bone

    Consists of osteons with central (Haversian) canals, concentric lamellae, lacunae with osteocytes, and canaliculi.

  • Periosteum and its function

    A dense connective tissue membrane covering bone surfaces; contains osteogenic cells and provides attachment for tendons and ligaments.

  • Difference between ligament and tendon

    Ligaments connect bone to bone; tendons connect muscle to bone; both are dense regular connective tissue.

  • Definition of hemopoiesis

    The process of blood cell formation, primarily occurring in red bone marrow.

  • Nutrient foramen

    Small opening in bone that allows blood vessels and nerves to enter and nourish the bone.

  • Trabeculae in spongy bone

    Irregular lattice of thin plates providing structural support and housing red bone marrow.

  • Perichondrium

    A dense connective tissue layer surrounding cartilage, containing blood vessels for nutrient delivery.

  • Interstitial vs appositional cartilage growth

    Interstitial growth increases cartilage length from within; appositional growth increases thickness by adding layers on the surface.