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Bones and Skeletal Tissues - Anatomy & Physiology

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Terms in this set (28)

  • What are the two main tissue types that comprise the skeleton?
    Skeletal cartilage and bone.
  • What is the embryonic skeleton primarily formed from?
    Formed from hyaline cartilage and fibrous membrane, which are replaced by bone early in development.
  • What is the perichondrium and its function?
    A connective tissue layer that helps cartilage resist outward expansion and contains blood vessels for nutrient delivery.
  • Name the three types of cartilage found in the human skeleton.
    Hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, and fibrocartilage.
  • Describe appositional growth of cartilage.
    Cartilage-forming cells in the perichondrium secrete matrix against the external face of existing cartilage, adding new matrix on the surface.
  • Describe interstitial growth of cartilage.
    Chondrocytes within lacunae divide and secrete new matrix, expanding cartilage from within.
  • List the seven important functions of bones.
    Support, protection, movement, mineral and growth factor storage, blood cell formation, triglyceride storage, and hormone production.
  • What hormone is secreted by bones and what is its role?
    Osteocalcin helps regulate insulin secretion, glucose levels, and metabolism.
  • How are bones classified by location?
    Into axial skeleton (skull, vertebral column, rib cage) and appendicular skeleton (limbs and girdles).
  • What are the four shapes of bones?
    Long bones, short bones, flat bones, and irregular bones.
  • What distinguishes compact bone from spongy bone?
    Compact bone is dense and smooth, forming the outer layer; spongy bone is porous with trabeculae and contains marrow.
  • What is the structure and function of the osteon?
    The osteon is the structural unit of compact bone, consisting of concentric lamellae around a central canal, providing strength and resistance to twisting.
  • What are the five major cell types in bone tissue?
    Osteogenic cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, bone-lining cells, and osteoclasts.
  • What is the role of osteoblasts?
    Bone-forming cells that secrete unmineralized bone matrix called osteoid.
  • What is the function of osteocytes?
    Mature bone cells that maintain bone matrix, respond to mechanical stimuli, and regulate calcium homeostasis.
  • What is the role of osteoclasts in bone tissue?
    Multinucleate cells responsible for bone resorption by breaking down bone matrix.
  • What is endochondral ossification?
    Bone formation by replacing hyaline cartilage, forming most of the skeleton below the skull.
  • What is intramembranous ossification?
    Bone develops directly from fibrous connective tissue membranes, forming flat bones like the skull and clavicles.
  • How do long bones grow in length?
    By interstitial growth at the epiphyseal plate, where cartilage grows and is replaced by bone.
  • What are the five zones of the epiphyseal plate?
    Resting zone, proliferation zone, hypertrophic zone, calcification zone, and ossification zone.
  • What is appositional growth in bones?
    Growth in thickness where osteoblasts add bone matrix on the external surface and osteoclasts remove bone on the internal surface.
  • Which hormones regulate bone growth during infancy and puberty?
    Growth hormone stimulates growth in infancy; testosterone and estrogens promote adolescent growth spurts and epiphyseal plate closure.
  • What is Wolff's law?
    Bones grow or remodel in response to the mechanical stresses placed on them.
  • What are the classifications of fractures based on bone end position, completeness, and skin penetration?
    Nondisplaced or displaced; complete or incomplete; open (compound) or closed (simple).
  • What are the four stages of fracture repair?
    Hematoma formation, fibrocartilaginous callus formation, bony callus formation, and bone remodeling.
  • What causes osteomalacia and rickets?
    Poor mineralization of bone due to vitamin D deficiency or insufficient dietary calcium.
  • What characterizes osteoporosis?
    Bone resorption exceeds deposit, leading to decreased bone mass and increased fracture risk.
  • What is Paget's disease?
    A disorder with excessive and disorganized bone deposit and resorption, resulting in poorly mineralized, enlarged bones.