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Carbohydrates in Anatomy & Physiology

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Terms in this set (20)

  • What are carbohydrates chemically composed of?
    Carbohydrates are carbon-based molecules hydrated with many hydroxyl groups (-OH).
  • What does the term 'carbohydrate' originally mean?
    The term carbohydrate comes from the Greek word meaning "sugars" and originally referred to compounds with the formula \(C_n(H_2O)_n\).
  • What distinguishes simple carbohydrates from complex carbohydrates?
    Simple carbohydrates fit the formula \(C_n(H_2O)_n\) exactly (e.g., glucose), while complex carbohydrates can differ slightly and may contain atoms like N or S.
  • What are the three size classes of carbohydrates?
    1) Monosaccharide: single carbohydrate unit (e.g., glucose). 2) Oligosaccharide: 2 to ~20 linked monosaccharides. 3) Polysaccharide: more than 20 linked monosaccharides.
  • How are polysaccharides formed from monosaccharides?
    Polysaccharides are formed by dehydration synthesis, linking monosaccharides via glycosidic bonds.
  • What reaction breaks down polysaccharides into monosaccharides?
    Polysaccharides are broken down by hydrolysis, which cleaves glycosidic bonds.
  • Which reaction links monosaccharides and forms glycosidic bonds?
    Dehydration synthesis links monosaccharides and forms glycosidic bonds.
  • Which reaction releases energy by breaking glycosidic bonds?
    The hydrolysis reaction breaks glycosidic bonds and releases energy.
  • What are the two main functions of carbohydrates?
    Carbohydrates serve for structural support (e.g., cellulose, chitin) and energy storage (e.g., starch, glycogen).
  • What polysaccharide provides structural support in plants?
    Cellulose is the main structural polysaccharide in plant cell walls.
  • What polysaccharide provides structural support in animals like lobsters and insects?
    Chitin is an important structural polysaccharide in the exoskeletons of insects and crustaceans.
  • What polysaccharide is used for energy storage in plants?
    Starch is the primary energy storage polysaccharide in plants.
  • What polysaccharide is used for energy storage in animals?
    Glycogen is the main energy storage polysaccharide in animals.
  • What type of bond links two glucose molecules to form maltose?
    Two glucose molecules are linked by a glycosidic bond to form maltose.
  • What is a monosaccharide?
    A monosaccharide is a single carbohydrate unit, such as glucose.
  • What is an oligosaccharide?
    An oligosaccharide consists of 2 to about 20 monosaccharides linked together.
  • What is a polysaccharide?
    A polysaccharide is a carbohydrate made of more than 20 monosaccharides linked covalently.
  • What is the role of glycosidic bonds in carbohydrates?
    Glycosidic bonds are the covalent bonds that link monosaccharides together in oligosaccharides and polysaccharides.
  • What is dehydration synthesis in carbohydrate formation?
    Dehydration synthesis is the chemical reaction that links monosaccharides by removing water to form glycosidic bonds.
  • What is hydrolysis in carbohydrate metabolism?
    Hydrolysis is the chemical reaction that breaks glycosidic bonds by adding water, breaking polysaccharides into monosaccharides.