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Cellular Respiration in Anatomy & Physiology

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Terms in this set (26)

  • Inputs of cellular respiration

    Glucose and oxygen are the main inputs. The body obtains glucose from food and oxygen from breathing.

  • Products of cellular respiration

    Carbon dioxide, water, and ATP are produced. Carbon dioxide is exhaled, water is used or excreted, and ATP powers cellular activities.

  • When does anaerobic respiration occur?

    Occurs when oxygen is scarce. It allows ATP production without oxygen but produces less ATP and lactate as a byproduct.

  • Advantages of anaerobic respiration

    Provides quick ATP supply during oxygen shortage and supports short bursts of intense activity.

  • When does aerobic respiration occur?

    Occurs when oxygen is available. It produces more ATP efficiently by fully oxidizing glucose.

  • Advantages of aerobic respiration

    Generates large amounts of ATP and supports sustained energy needs.

  • In redox reactions of cellular respiration, what is oxidized and what is reduced?

    Glucose and pyruvate are oxidized; NAD+ is reduced to NADH.

  • What gets oxidized in cellular respiration?

    Carbon-containing molecules like glucose and pyruvate lose electrons (are oxidized).

  • What gets reduced in cellular respiration?

    Electron carriers such as NAD+ gain electrons and are reduced to NADH.

  • Where does glycolysis occur in the cell?

    In the cytoplasm of the cell.

  • Reactants and products of glycolysis

    Glucose is converted into 2 pyruvate molecules, producing a net gain of 2 ATP and 2 NADH.

  • What is meant by 'net gain of ATP' in glycolysis?

    ATP used early in glycolysis is less than ATP produced later, resulting in a net positive ATP yield.

  • What limits glycolysis?

    Lack of NAD+ or glucose availability can stop glycolysis.

  • Does glycolysis occur in aerobic or anaerobic respiration?

    Glycolysis occurs in both aerobic and anaerobic respiration.

  • Where does pyruvate oxidation occur?

    In the mitochondrial matrix.

  • Reactants and products of pyruvate oxidation

    Pyruvate is converted to Acetyl-CoA, producing NADH and releasing CO2.

  • What limits pyruvate oxidation?

    Insufficient oxygen or enzyme dysfunction can stop pyruvate oxidation.

  • Where does the citric acid cycle occur?

    In the mitochondrial matrix.

  • Reactants and products of the citric acid cycle

    Acetyl-CoA is oxidized to CO2, producing NADH, FADH2, and ATP.

  • What limits the citric acid cycle?

    Lack of Acetyl-CoA or NAD+ can stop the cycle.

  • Where does oxidative phosphorylation occur?

    In the inner mitochondrial membrane.

  • What happens to electron carriers at the electron transport chain?

    NADH and FADH2 donate electrons, becoming oxidized back to NAD+ and FAD.

  • What do electrons do in the electron transport chain?

    Electrons are passed through protein complexes, releasing energy to pump protons and create a gradient.

  • Role of oxygen in oxidative phosphorylation

    Oxygen acts as the final electron acceptor, combining with electrons and protons to form water.

  • What is the proton gradient?

    A higher concentration of protons in the intermembrane space used to drive ATP synthesis.

  • What is ATP synthase and its function?

    An enzyme that uses the proton gradient to synthesize ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate.