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Terms in this set (29)

  • What are the seven characteristics of all living things?
    • Composed of cells
    • Complex structural arrangement
    • Detect and respond to stimuli
    • Maintain stable internal environment
    • Grow and develop
    • Reproduce offspring
    • Have metabolism (anabolic and catabolic)
  • Define metabolism and its two types.
    Metabolism is all essential chemical processes in cells. Anabolic builds up molecules; Catabolic breaks down molecules.
  • What are the four essential processes of life?
    • Respiration: oxygen intake and carbon dioxide removal
    • Digestion: mechanical and chemical breakdown of food
    • Circulation: distribution of oxygen, wastes, and nutrients
    • Excretion: elimination of wastes
  • What is anatomy and what are its two main types?
    Anatomy is the study of body structure. Gross anatomy studies large visible structures; Microscopic anatomy studies structures needing magnification.
  • What is physiology?
    The study of function and how organisms perform vital functions, focusing on functional properties and mechanisms.
  • How are structure and function interrelated in anatomy and physiology?
    Anatomical details affect function, and physiological mechanisms are understood based on structural relationships.
  • Give an example of structure-function interrelationship at the joint level.
    The elbow joint functions like a hinge, allowing movement in one plane but preventing twisting due to its anatomical structure.
  • How do chemical messengers and receptors demonstrate structure-function relationship?
    Cells communicate using chemical messengers that fit specifically shaped receptors on target cells, enabling precise signaling.
  • List the levels of organization in the human body from simplest to most complex.
    Chemical level → Cellular level → Tissue level → Organ level → Organ system level → Organism level.
  • What defines the chemical level of organization?
    Atoms combine to form molecules; molecular shape and components determine function.
  • What is the cellular level of organization?
    Cells are the smallest living units; their functions depend on organelles composed of molecules.
  • What is a tissue and what are the four primary tissue types?
    A tissue is a group of similar cells performing specific functions. Types: epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous.
  • Describe epithelial tissue.
    Covers and protects exposed surfaces, lines internal passageways, and produces glandular secretions.
  • Describe connective tissue and its matrix components.
    Connective tissue fills internal spaces, provides support, and stores energy. Matrix includes protein fibers and ground substance.
  • What are the three types of muscle tissue and their functions?
    • Skeletal: moves/stabilizes skeleton
    • Cardiac: propels blood in heart
    • Smooth: controls movement in vessels and organs
  • What is nervous tissue specialized for?
    Conducting electrical impulses and carrying information via neurons and supporting neuroglia cells.
  • What is an organ and how is its function determined?
    An organ is composed of two or more tissue types; function depends on tissue combination and organization.
  • What is an organ system?
    A group of interacting organs performing specific functions in a coordinated manner.
  • Name the primary functions of the integumentary system.
    Protects against environmental hazards and helps control body temperature.
  • What are the main functions of the skeletal system?
    Provides support, protects tissues, stores minerals, and forms blood cells.
  • List the main functions of the muscular system.
    Produces movement, provides support, and generates heat.
  • What are the primary roles of the nervous system?
    Provides rapid control and regulation, coordinating activities of other organ systems.
  • Define homeostasis.
    The presence of a stable internal environment necessary for health and survival.
  • What are the three components of homeostatic regulation?
    • Receptor: detects environmental change
    • Control center: processes information and sends commands
    • Effector: responds to oppose stimulus
  • Explain negative feedback in homeostasis.
    Effector opposes original stimulus to minimize change and maintain stability within a normal range.
  • Explain positive feedback and when it occurs.
    Stimulus produces a response that exaggerates the change, accelerating a process to completion, often in emergencies.
  • What is the anatomical position?
    Body standing upright, feet together, palms facing forward, eyes facing forward.
  • What are the four abdominopelvic quadrants used for?
    Imaginary lines dividing the abdomen to help clinicians describe locations of pain or injury.
  • Name the three main sectional planes used in anatomy.
    • Frontal (coronal): divides front and back
    • Sagittal: divides left and right
    • Transverse (horizontal): divides top and bottom