Ch. 3 Review

a type of lipid that stiffens the plasma membrane making it less of a "fluid" and less permeable.

integral proteins -> embedded within cell membrane

transmembrane -> integral proteins that span entire width of membrane

peripheral proteins -> bound to inner or outer surface of membrane

all material between plasma membrane and membrane of the nucleus.

• Cytosol (ICF)

• organelles

• Inclusions

mixture of water + dissolved nutrients, ions, proteins, waste (JELLY-LIKE SUBSTANCE)

internal structures with a specific function. ("LITTLE ORGANS")

insoluble materials within cells (glycogen granules, skeletal cells)

not completely enclosed by membranes -> in direct contact with cytosol.

are completely enclosed by membrane -> isolated from cytosol.

internal framework of proteins in cytoplasm.

• microfilaments

• intermediate filaments

• microtubules

• mechanical strength

• attaching plasma membrane -> cytoplasm

• protein interactions that determine -> consistency of cytosol (jelly->)

• strengthening cell + maintain shape

• stabilizing organelles

radiate outward from centrosome

• cell movement

• forming spindle apparatus during cell division

A region of the cytoplasm that organizes microtubules.

a PAIR of cylindrical structures that form spindle apparatus during cell division.

organelles that make proteins and are made of two subunits of differing size + rRNA

scattered throughout cytoplasm that makes protein that goes straight into the fluid.

are attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

network of intracellular membranes that are continuous with nuclear envelope.

• makes proteins, carbohydrates, lipids

• storage

• transport

• detoxification

lacks fixed ribosomes

• makes phospholipids/cholesterol

• makes steroid hormones in reproductive organs

• making + storage of triglycerides in liver and fat

• making + storage of glycogen -> skeletal muscle and liver cels

• synthesis of proteins by fixed ribosomes

• chemical modification of newly made proteins in the RER

• packages modified proteins -> into transport vesicles

• the place where proteins fold

organelle composed of flattened membranous discs (cisternae) that modifies and packages secretions. Proteins arrive here from the RER

Modify and package secretions.

vesicles produced by Golgi apparatus that contain digestive enzymes.

• membrane eclosed isolated environment (compartmentalization)

  • enzymatic reaction occurring within lysosomes -> toxic chemicals

• use hydrolysis reaction to break polymers -> monomers -> new organelles

• recycling damaged organelles

• killing bacteria

• autolysis: self-destruction of damaged cells.

generates toxic chemicals that can end the cell.

isolated environed (membrane enclosed) in order to allow enzymatic reactions and autolysis to occur.

the energy demands of a cell, as well as what the cell is doing. (where ATP is made)

• stores DNA

• controls which, when, and how many PROTEINS are made.

• determines cell structure and function.

  Has two bilayers

double membrane surrounding the nucleus -> connected to the RER

openings in the nuclear envelope that allow communication between the nucleus and cytoplasm.

proteins in the nuclear pore that control what goes in and out of the nucleus.

organelles INSIDE nucleus that makes ribosomes.

DNA coiled around histones (circular proteins)

have LOOSLEY coiled DNA around histone -> CHROMATIN

have TIGHTLY coiled DNA around histone -> CHROMOSOMES

DNA nucleotide sequence that codes for amino acid sequence of one protein.

DNA sequence is TRANSCRIBED into mRNA, THEN mRNA sequence is TRANSLATED into protein amino acid sequence.

MAKES RNA from DNA template. DNA is copied to mRNA since mRNA can leaved nucleus using uracil (U).

• DNA: A -> RNA: U

• DNA: T-> RNA: A

• DNA: G-> RNA: C

• DNA: C-> RNA: G

making of a polypeptide by translating info from mRNA -> amino acid of a polypeptide. (tRNA anticodons complementary to mRNA codons)

3 bases of sequence that translates into amino acid.

• DNA: A T A T G G C T A T G C

  Transcribed->

• mRNA: U A U A C C G A U A C G

turns immature RNA into a protein by removing introns -> Mature RNA leaves nucleus -> TRANSLATION outside of the nucleus.

movement of substance from a higher concentration area -> lower concentration. (eliminates gradient)

difference between high/low concentration of substances.

• simple diffusion

• channel-mediated diffusion.

no channel needed, lipid soluble compounds pass through membrane.

water-soluble compounds pass through

diffusion of water in response to different solute (the thing GETTING dissolved) concentration.

concentration is equal on both sides of the membrane.

describes the shape of cell as a result of concentration of solutes.

means the solute concentration of ICF/ECF is equal -> no Osmosis

solute concentration of ICF is higher than ECF -> causing water to enter membrane -> hemolysis (cell burst)

solute concentration of ICF is lower than ECF water exits

movement of a substance across cell membrane using carrier protein (specific to ONE substance).

connects ions and carry's them across membrane (specific to ONE substance)

carrier proteins that carry two substances in the same direction at the same time.

carries substances in the opposite direction at the same time. (exchange pump)

exchanges sodium inside cell for potassium outside of the cell.

mitosis and cytokinesis

Body cells.

sex cells

FIRST

TRUE

• G1

• S

• G2

when the cell leaves the life cycle and is NOT ACTIVLEY PREPARING FOR DIVISION!

is the time where CELLS GROW

• organelles duplicate (enough for TWO cells)

is when DNA REPLICATION occurs. (one chromosome -> 2 identical daughter cells)

where the two identical daughter cells connect AFTER DNA replication.

• FORMED BY KINTOCHORE

is the making of (microtubular) proteins

• preparing for M phase

Mitosis and cytokinesis

the nucleus.

cytoplasm. (outside of the nucleus)

• Prophase \

• Metaphase PMAT

• Anaphase /

• Telophase

• chromatin condenses -> chromosomes (become visible)

• nuclear envelope disintegrates

• microtubules form Mitotic Spindle

protein structure that FORMS centromere.

• give place for spindle to attach too

chromatids line up at metaphase plate (the middle)

Chromatid pairs -> SEPERATE

• nucleus ENLARGES

• chromosomes GO BACK to chromatin

• mitotic spindle breaks down (gets recycled)

at the END of anaphase -> Telophase.

cleavage furrow.

Cytokinesis.