ch 4 review

TRUE or FALSE:

Epithelial tissues have polarity (structural difference)

TRUE or FALSE:

Epithelial tissues are avascular (no blood vessels)

TRUE or FALSE:

epithelial tissues are constantly being replaced.

______ are small finger shaped projections from plasma membrane that are abundant on APICAL surface or epithelial tissues where absorption and secretion occurs. (Apical surface)

______ long slender extensions made of microtubules

a type of intercellular (between cells) connection:

____ _______ ______ are transmembrane (proteins that expand the whole membrane) proteins that attach plasma membranes and plasma membranes to extracellular material.

a type of intercellular connection:

_________ are chains of amino acids (proteins) that have carbohydrate chains (sugar) attached to them and help prevent dehydration.

The type of CELL Junctions are:

Gap junctions hold cells together via _______, interlocking transmembrane proteins that are embedded into each membrane.

Gap junctions allow small molecules + ions to move between cells and are common among _____ tissue and _______ tissue

_______ junctions are when the lipid portions of 2 plasma membranes are tightly bound.

Tight Junctions occur where ________ are problematic when entering the cell

inferior to tight junction is ______ ______ that prevents water/solutes from passing between cells. (watertight seal)

(Ex: found in small intestine keeping in waste)

______ is the space inside of tubular structures.

________ is a type of intercellular connection that uses cell adhesion molecules and proteoglycans to link plasma membranes together.

_____ is the intercellular connection that attaches cells to the basement membrane.

_____ desmosome are discs connected to intermediate filaments that stabilize cell shape.

Epithelia tissues are classified based on their ________ and number of ______

______ squamous epithelia are thin/delicate and found in areas where absorption or diffusion occur. (Frictionless)

(Ex: lungs)

________ is a type of simple squamous epithelium tissue that lines inner surface of heart and blood vessels.

_______ is a type of simple squamous epithelium that lines the pericardial, peritoneal, and pleural cavities.

_______ squamous epithelial tissue is found in areas where mechanical stresses occur.

(Ex: lining of the mouth + skin)

______ stratified squamous epithelium is found where mechanical stresses occur and has superficial water-resistant cells.

(Ex: epidermis of the skin)

________ stratified squamous epithelium resists abrasion and must be constantly moist.

(Ex: oral cavity, vaginal, anus)

______ Epithelial cells provide limited protection and occur in areas that allow secretion or absorption to occur.

(Ex: kidney tubules, glands)

_____ cuboidal epithelial have ducts that allow secretion of substances.

(Ex; sweat glands, mammary glands)

transitional epithelium cells go through consistent stretching cycles and appear _____ when unstretched and _____ when stretched.

Columnar Epithelial cels are mainly found in in the ______ trac.

______ columnar epithelial cells allow secretion or absorption

(Ex: small and large intestine, and stomach)

_________ ________ epithelia tissue LOOKS stratified but only has one layer of cells and contains cilia.

(Ex: nasal cavity, trachea)

Endocrine glands are _____ and make and release hormones into bloodstream.

(Ex: thyroid gland, thymus, pituitary glands)

Exocrine glands use _____ to release secretions directly on surfaces.

(tears, sweat, breast milk)

Connective Tissues are made of:

Matrix of a connective tissue is made of _____ ____ and ____ _____ and it composes tissue volume and surround cells.

The three categories of connective cell tissues:

The two categories of connective tissue proper are ______ and _____ and are based on cell types and matrix

the ground substance of connective tissue proper has a _______ texture

______ connective Tisses are made of dissolved proteins + suspended cells

(Ex: blood and lymph)

the matrix of fluid connective tissue has a ______ texture.

Supportive connective tissue has a ____ _____ matrix made with extracellular fibers.

(Ex; bone, cartilage)

______ are a type of cell of a connective tissue proper that is ALWAYS present and most abundant in FIXED cells.

______ is a cell in connective tissue proper that secretes polysaccharide derivatives called, hyaluronan, which makes up the ground substance.

______ is the cell that makes large fiber

• collagen

• reticular

• elastic

_____ (fat cell) is a storage cell of the connective tissue proper with a single enormous lipid droplet.

_______ are stem cells in connective tissue proper that replace other cells by dividing and becoming specialized.

______ are cells in a connective tissue proper that store melanin

___________ are large phagocytic cells in a connective tissue proper that engulf bacteria.

macrophages engulf pathogen and damaged cells and release _______ that activate the immune system and recruit other macrophages to help fight bacteria

________ cells are immune system cells that release histamine which stimulate inflammation.

Mast cells in the immune system release ________ which is an anticoagulant (protein) that enhances blood flow for fast healing.

_______ are immune system cells that migrate throughout the body and SOME turn into antibodies (proteins that defend against disease)

The three fibers of connective tissue are:

Collagen fibers (long and straight) of a connective tissue make up ______ and ________.

______ connects muscle -> bone

_______ connects bone -> bone

Tendons and Ligaments are made of _______ ______ connective tissue.

_______ fibers (spider web) forms interwoven framework that stabilizes position of parenchyma

(Ex: kidneys)

______ and ______ fibers have the same protein subunits in a different order

_______ fibers (branched/waved) that stretch and are made of elastin.

________ Connective tissues are the "packing peanuts" of the body and fill space between organs.

three types of loose connective tissue are:

_____ tissue is a type of loose connective tissue with open unorganized framework that forms a layer separating the skin from deeper structures.

______ tissue is made up of adipocytes (fat cells) and is mainly used for insulation and shock absorption.

adipose tissue is a type of loose connective tissue that is ________ active meaning lipids are constantly being broken down/replaced.

______ tissue is a type of loose connective tissue supports organs and is made of reticular fibers.

collagen fibers are ______ _______ connective tissue because their collagen fibers are densely packed and parallel.

Dense regular connective tissue provides strength and support in ______ direction.

(Ex: aponeurosis tendon sheet that attaches flat muscle -> muscle and flat muscle -> bone)

Dense irregular connective tissue has a network with no pattern and provides strength and support in _______ ______ ways.

TRUE or FALSE:

Dense irregular connective tissue forms capsules around organs and joint cavities.

perichondrium and periosteum are made of ______ ______ connective tissue.

the watery matrix of fluid connective tissues is called:

(Ex: blood and lymph)

plasma is made of what formed elements:

_____ blood cells are formed elements of plasma that makes sure oxygen enters and carbon dioxide exits the body.

____ blood cells work in the immune system.

_____ is the fluid connective tissue that flows through lymphatic vessels that are directly connected to blood vessels.

_______ is a type of connective tissue with a gel like matrix

_______ are the only type of cartilage cells and occur in lacunae (chambers)

chondrocytes (cartilage cells) are _______ meaning they must obtain nutrients through matrix

the three types of cartilage are:

______ cartilage is most common and contains collagen in matrix.

_______ has little ground substance and prevents bones from touching each other.

the _______ tissue matrix is calcified meaning it is a mixture of calcium phosphate/calcium carbonate + calcium salts

_____ _______ make the bone hard.

________ ____ make the bone flexible.

the three types of muscle tissue are:

______ muscle tissue multinucleate cells (several 100 nuclei) that make muscle fibers

______ are voluntary muscle and straited = banded appearance.

________ muscle tissues are connected to intercalated disc, straited, and involuntary.

______ muscle tissue is non striated and found in the walls of blood vessels and hallow organs.

elastic cartilage is mainly found in the _________

perichondrium and periosteum are made of dense ________ connective tissue.