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Ch 6

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Terms in this set (16)

  • Axial vs. Appendicular skeleton

    Axial skeleton: skull, thorax, vertebral column (~80 bones). Appendicular skeleton: limbs and pectoral/pelvic girdles (~126 bones).

  • Five major functions of the skeletal system

    Support

    Mineral and lipid storage

    Blood cell production

    Protection

    Leverage for movement.

  • Six categories of bone by shape

    Long (humerus)

    Flat (skull)

    Short (carpals)

    Irregular (vertebrae)

    Sesamoid (patella)

    Sutural (between cranial bones).

  • Difference between a process and a facet

    Process is a projection or bump for attachment or joints

    Facet is a small, flat articular surface.

  • Structural regions of a typical long bone

    Epiphysis: expanded ends with spongy bone.

    Diaphysis: shaft with medullary cavity.

    Metaphysis: narrow region with epiphyseal plate/line.

  • Function of the periosteum

    Outer connective tissue covering that isolates bone

    Provides blood/nerves route

    Aids growth and repair.

  • Function of the endosteum

    Incomplete cellular layer lining medullary cavity

    Active in growth, repair, and remodeling.

  • Why do long bones have both compact and spongy bone?

    Compact bone provides axial strength

    Spongy bone reduces weight and resists stress from multiple directions.

  • Four types of bone cells and their functions

    Osteogenic: stem cells

    Osteoblasts: form bone matrix

    Osteocytes: maintain matrix

    Osteoclasts: dissolve/remodel bone.

  • Key components of an osteon

    Central (Haversian) canal

    Concentric lamellae

    Osteocytes in lacunae

    Canaliculi connecting them.

  • Endochondral vs. Intramembranous ossification

    Endochondral: replaces hyaline cartilage with bone (most bones)

    Intramembranous: bone forms directly from mesenchyme (skull, mandible).

  • How bones increase in length

    Growth at the epiphyseal plate:

    Chondrocytes multiply on the epiphyseal side

    Replaced by bone on the diaphyseal side.

  • How bones increase in diameter

    Appositional growth:

    Osteoblasts beneath the periosteum add circumferential lamellae.

  • Effect of Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) on blood calcium

    Increases blood calcium by stimulating osteoclasts, enhancing intestinal absorption, and reducing urinary loss.

  • Effect of Calcitonin on blood calcium

    Decreases blood calcium by inhibiting osteoclasts and increasing calcium loss in urine.

  • Four major steps of fracture repair

    Fracture hematoma

    Soft callus formation

    Hard callus formation

    Remodeling.