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Ch.6 Part 2

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  • Structure of short, irregular and flat bones

    -consist of thin plates of spongey bone (diploe)

    covered by compact bone

    -compact bone sandwiched between connective tissue

    -periosteum covers outside compact bone

    -endosteum covers inside portion of compact bone

  • diaphysis

    tubular shaft that forms long axis of bone

    -compact bone surrounding central medullary cavity filled with yellow marrow in adults

  • epiphyses

    ends of long bones that consist of compact bone externally and spongy bone internally

    -articular cartilage covers articular (joint) surfaces

  • epiphyseal line

    between diaphysis and epiphysis

  • Periosteum

    white, double layered membranes that covers external surfaces except joints

  • Fibrous layer

    Outer layer consisting of dense irregular connective tissue consisting of Sharpey's fibers that secure the bone matrix

  • Osteogenic layer

    inner layer abutting bone and contains primitive osteogenic stem cells that gives rise to most all bone cells

  • Endosteum

    delicate connective tissue membrane covering internal bone surface

    -covers trabeculae of spongy bone

    -lines canals that pass through compact bone

    -contains osteogenic cells

  • medullary cavaties

    in newborns

    -contain red marrow

  • yellow can turn to red

    if a person becomes anemic for an extended period of time

  • in adults red marrow is located

    -in heads of femur and humerus

    -flat bone diploe

    -hip bones

  • three types of markings

    -projection: outwards bulge of bone

    -depression: bowl or groove (passageway for vessels and nerves or joints)

    -opening: hole or canal (passageway for blood vessels and nerves)

  • tuberosity

    large rounded projection; may be roughened

    -ischial tuberosity

  • crest

    narrow ridge of bone; usually prominent

    -illiac crest

  • trochanter

    very large, blunt, irregularly shaped process

    -femur

  • line

    narrow, ridge of bon; less prominent than a crest

    -intertrochanteric line

  • tubercle

    small rounded projection or process

    -adductor tubercle

  • epicondyle

    raised area on or above a condyle

  • spine

    sharp, slender, often pointed projection

  • process

    any bony prominence

  • head

    bony expansion carried on a narrow neck

    -rib

  • facet

    smooth, nearly flat articular (joint) surface

    -rib

  • condyle

    rounded articular projection; often articulates with a corresponding fossa

  • groove

    furrow

  • fissure

    narrow, slit-like opening

  • foramen

    hole opening in bone

  • notch

    indentation at the edge of a structure

  • meatus

    canal-like passageway

  • sinus

    cavity within a bone, filled with air and lined with mucous membrane

  • fossa

    shallow, basinlike depression in bone

  • osteogenic cells

    also called osteoprogenitor cells

    -active stem cells in periosteum and endosteum

    -when stimulated they differentiate into osteoblasts

  • osteoblasts

    -bone forming cells that secrete unmineralized bone matrix called osteoid

    -are actively mitotic

  • osteoid

    -made up of collagen and calcium-binding proteins

    -collagen makes up 90%

  • osteocytes

    -mature bone in lacunae that no longer divide

    -maintain bone matrix and act as stress or strain sensors

    -communicate info to osteoblasts and osteoclasts so bone remodeling can occur

  • osteoclasts

    -cells that destroy bone

    -giant, multinucleus cells function in bone resorption

    -cells have ruffled borders that serve to increase surface area for enzyme degradation of bone

  • bone lining cells

    flat cells on bone surfaces believed to also help maintain matrix

  • periosteal cells

    lining cells on external bone surface

  • endosteal cells

    lining cells on internal bone surfaces

  • resorption bays

    when active, cells that are located in depressions

  • compact bone

    -lamellar bone

    consists of:

    -osteon

    -canals and canaliculi

    -interstitial and circumferential lamellae

  • osteon

    structural unit in compact bone

    -elongated cylinder that runs parallel to long axis bone

    -consists of lamallae

  • lamallae

    osteon cylinder consisting of several rings of bone matrix