chapter 1

anatomy of body surface

anatomy of specific body areas

understanding the relationship of body structures by examining cross sections

anatomy of organ systems

anatomy as used in the clinical practice

anatomical changes during illness

anatomical structures seen usingimaging techniques

anatomical landmarks important in surgery

anatomical changes from fertilization toadulthood

study of early developmental processes

study of the structure of cells

study of the structure of tissues

the study of the function of the human body

study of the function of cells and their chemical processes

study of the function of specific organs

study of function of organ systems

study of effects of diseases on organs or systems

objective disease indications (such as a fever)

subjective disease indication (such as tiredness)

Identify the major levels of organization in organisms from the simplest to the most complex and identify major components of each organ system.

are the smallest stable units of matter

consist of two or more atoms

the smallest living units in the body

A tissue is a group of cells working together to perform specific functions

are made of two or more tissues working together to perform specific functions

is a group of organs interacting for a particular function

An organism is an individual life form

Describe the origins of anatomical and physiological terms and explain the significance of standardizing terms.

Involves using word roots, prefixes, suffixes and combining forms to build terms related to the body in health and disease

Use anatomical terms to describe body regions, body sections, and relative positions.

locating structures on or near the body surface

standard anatomical reference position with hands at the sides, palms facing forward and feet together

body in anatomical position from the front

body in anatomical position from the back

body lying face up

body lying face down

A section is a slice through a three-dimensional object

▪ Used to visualize internal organization

▪ Important for interpreting medical scans

a single view or slice along a two-dimensional flat surface

a vertical plane that divides the body or organ into anterior and posterior portions

a vertical plane that divides the body or organ into left and right portions

plane lies in the middle

plane is offset from the middle

a horizontal plane that divides the body or organ into superior and inferior portions transverse section (cross section)

– closed, fluid filled cavities that are lined by a thin serous membrane; contain the vital organs(viscera) of the trunk

1. Protect delicate organs from shocks and impacts

2. Permit significant changes in the size and shape of internal organs

– Lines body cavities and covers organs

– Consists of parietal and visceral layers

▪ Parietal serosa lines cavity

▪ Visceral serosa covers organ

– Serous fluid moistens membranes and reduces friction

– Deep to the chest wall of the thoracic region

– Divided by from the abdominopelvic cavity by the

diaphragm

▪ Right and left pleural cavities which surround the

lungs

cavity which surrounds the heart

a mass of connective tissue that

stabilizes the trachea, esophagus, thymus, and

largest vessels of the heart; also contains the

pericardial cavity

Abdominopelvic cavity

– Deep to the abdominal and pelvic walls

– Extends from the diaphragm to the pelvis

– The abdominopelvic cavity contains:

▪ Superior abdominal cavity

▪ Inferior pelvic cavity

space within the

abdominopelvic cavity lined with peritoneum

– Parietal peritoneum lines the internal body wall

– Visceral peritoneum covers the organs

– Extends from the diaphragm to the top of the pelvic

bones

– Contains digestive organs

– Most abdominal organs are enclosed by the peritoneal

cavity

▪ Area between the parietal peritoneum and the back

of the muscular body wall

▪ Contains organs such as the pancreas and kidneys

– Medial to the pelvic bones

– Contains the reproductive organs, rectum, and urinary

bladder

– Contains the inferior portion of the peritoneal cavity

organs which extend inferior to the

peritoneal cavity, such as the urinary bladder, distal

portion of ureters, and large intestine

-the continuous physiological processes

that establish a relatively stable internal environment.

– Physiological processes and systems respond to

external and internal changes to keep variables within

normal ranges (body temperature, blood pressure, etcetera)

– the adjustment of

physiological systems to preserve homeostasis

– Mechanisms of homeostatic regulatio

automatic, local response to an

environmental change in a cell, tissue, or organ

– responses of organ

systems controlled by the nervous system (through

electrical signals) or the endocrine system

(through chemical messengers)

– Nervous system directs rapid, short-term

responses

– Endocrine system directs slower, more long-

term responses

1. Receptor – a sensor that detects the stimulus or

change

2. Control center – receives and processes the

information and sends out commands

3. Effector – a cell of organ that carries out the

commands of the control center

- type of regulation that opposes

variation from normal

– The response of the effector negates the original

stimulus

– Helps maintain variables within a normal range

– type of regulation that enhances

variation from normal

– The initial stimulus produces a response that amplifies

the original change in conditions

are used when a potentially

dangerous process must be completed quickly to

restore homeostasis

– systems work together to maintain

homeostasis

– Any adjustments made by one physiological system have

direct and indirect effects on a variety of other systems

Opposing processes or forces are in balance

physiological systems are

continually adapting and adjusting to changing conditions.

The normal range of values can therefore vary depending

on conditions

Failure to maintain homeostasis leads to disease and possibly

death