BackChapter 3 and 6 study guide
Terms in this set (33)
ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is the primary energy carrier in cells, providing energy for cellular processes.
Ribosomal RNA forms the core of ribosome's structure; Messenger RNA carries genetic code from DNA to ribosomes; Transfer RNA brings amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis.
Peroxisomes detoxify harmful substances and break down fatty acids through oxidation reactions.
Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes to break down waste materials and cellular debris.
The nucleus stores DNA and controls cell activities by regulating gene expression.
The Golgi apparatus modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for transport.
Ribosomes synthesize proteins by translating mRNA into amino acid chains.
In a hypertonic solution, red blood cells lose water and shrink (crenate) due to osmosis.
In a hypotonic solution, red blood cells gain water, swell, and may burst (lyse).
The plasma membrane is a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins, cholesterol, and carbohydrates, controlling substance movement.
Cilia move substances across the cell surface; flagella propel the cell; microvilli increase surface area for absorption.
Mitosis is the process of cell division producing two identical daughter cells for growth and repair.
Water moves by osmosis through the lipid bilayer or via aquaporins, specialized water channels.
Aquaporins are integral membrane proteins that facilitate rapid water transport across cell membranes.
Longitudinal growth occurs at the epiphyseal (growth) plates in long bones.
A foramen is a hole or opening in a bone that allows passage of nerves and blood vessels.
The shaft of a long bone is called the diaphysis.
Red bone marrow produces blood cells; yellow bone marrow stores fat.
Growth hormone stimulates bone lengthening by promoting cartilage cell division at growth plates.
A Haversian canal is a central channel in osteons containing blood vessels and nerves.
Appositional growth is the increase in bone thickness by adding new layers on the surface.
Osteoclasts break down bone; osteoblasts build bone; osteocytes maintain bone tissue.
Wolf’s Law states that bone remodels in response to mechanical stress to become stronger.
Parathyroid hormone increases blood calcium by stimulating bone resorption and calcium absorption.
Endochondral ossification uses hyaline cartilage as a model to form bone.
The pubic symphysis is connected by fibrocartilage.
The skeleton provides support, protection, movement, mineral storage, and blood cell production.
Bones are classified as long, short, flat, irregular, and sesamoid based on shape.
Bone lengthening usually stops around late adolescence when growth plates close.
Bone remodeling is regulated by hormones through a negative feedback loop controlling calcium levels.
Hypocalcemia increases neuromuscular excitability, causing muscle spasms or tetany.
The periosteum is a dense connective tissue layer covering bone surfaces, containing nerves and blood vessels.
Integral membrane proteins span the plasma membrane and assist in transport, signaling, and structural support.