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Chapter 3 The Cell_2 - slideshow 4

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Terms in this set (20)

  • Mitochondrion
    Organelle with a double membrane and folded inner membrane called cristae; synthesizes the majority of the cell's ATP and contains its own DNA and ribosomes.
  • Peroxisome
    Membrane-enclosed organelle that detoxifies chemicals through oxidation, metabolizes fatty acids, and synthesizes certain phospholipids.
  • Ribosome
    Non-membrane-bound organelle made of protein and rRNA; responsible for protein synthesis.
  • Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)
    Series of saclike membranes with ribosomes on the surface; modifies and folds proteins made by ribosomes and assembles plasma membrane components.
  • Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)
    Series of tubular membranes without ribosomes; stores calcium ions, synthesizes lipids, and detoxifies substances.
  • Golgi Apparatus
    Stack of flattened membrane sacs that sorts, modifies, and packages proteins and other products made by the ER.
  • Lysosome
    Membrane-enclosed vesicle containing digestive enzymes; digests damaged organelles and recycles cellular components.
  • Cystic Fibrosis cause
    Mutation causing a missing protein component of the chloride ion channel, leading to thick mucus that blocks airways.
  • Human Genome composition
    46 chromosomes in somatic cells: 22 pairs of autosomes and 1 pair of sex chromosomes (XX or XY), representing the diploid (2n) state.
  • Chromatin and Chromosomes
    DNA is compacted by histone proteins into chromatin, which condenses into chromosomes for segregation during mitosis.
  • DNA Replication
    Process where helicase unwinds DNA, and DNA polymerase synthesizes new strands using the old strand as a template.
  • Protein Synthesis purpose
    Converts genetic code into traits, synthesizes structural proteins, and produces enzymes and hormones for homeostasis.
  • Transcription
    Process of copying DNA into mRNA, which carries the genetic information to the ribosome.
  • Translation
    Process where ribosomes read mRNA to assemble amino acids into a polypeptide chain (protein).
  • Cell Cycle phases
    Includes interphase (G1, S, G2 phases) for growth and DNA replication, followed by the mitotic phase for cell division.
  • Mitosis stages
    Five stages: prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase, followed by cytokinesis.
  • Cell Cycle checkpoints
    Internal controls at G1, G2/M transition, and M phase that monitor and regulate cell cycle progression.
  • Cancer and cell cycle
    Cancer results from uncontrolled cell growth due to faulty cell cycle control and accumulation of genetic damage.
  • Tumor formation
    Occurs when checkpoints fail, allowing rapid cell division that crowds out normal cells, forming tumors or leukemia.
  • Proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressors
    Normal genes regulate cell growth; mutations can create oncogenes (accelerators jammed) or defective tumor suppressors (brakes broken), leading to cancer.