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Chapter 6

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  • Skeletal Cartilage

    Made of Cartilage tissue; avascular and surrounded by dense irregular CT

  • Perichondrium

    Reinforcement to outward expansion when cartilage is compressed; nourishes cartilage

  • Hyaline Cartilage

    provides support and resilience; only made of collagen fibers; 4 types: articular, costal, and respiratory

  • Articular Cartilage

    Cover the ends of most bones at moveable joints

  • Costal Cartilages

    Connect ribs to sternum

  • Respiratory Cartilages

    form skeleton of larynx & reinforce respiratory passageways

  • Nasall Cartilage

    support the external nose

  • Elastic Cartilages

    contain stretchy elastic fibers and collagen fibers; resist repeated bending

  • Elastic Cartilage Locations

    External ear & epiglottis

  • Fibrocartilages

    resistant to compression & has tensile strength; parallel rows of chondrocytes

    location: menisci of the knee

  • Appositional Growth

    cartilage forming cells in perichondrium secrete matrix against external face

  • Interstitial Growth

    lacunae bond chondrocytes divide & secrete matrix; expands from within

  • Bone Functions

    1. support

    2. protection

    3. anchorage

    4. mineral storage

    5. blood cell formation

    6. triglyceride storage

    7. hormone production

  • Hematopoiesis

    blood cell formation

  • Axial Skeleton

    forms long axis of the body

    • skull, vertebra, ribcage

  • Appendicular Skeleton

    upper & lower limbs, girdles

  • Sesamoid Bones

    special short bone that form in a tendon

  • Non long bone structure

    spongy bone sandwiched between compact bone, hyaline covers joint connections; have red blood cells

  • Inner periosteum layer

    have osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts, highly vascular

  • Hematopoietic Tissue

    Red Bone Marrow; more active in flat bones

  • Bone Markings

    Provide information ab how bone & its attached muscles/ligaments work together

  • Bone Marking types

    1. projections: sites of muscle and ligament attachment

    2. surfaces: form joints

    3. depressions and openings: for blood vessels and nerves

  • Cells of Bones

    osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts, bone lining cells

  • all bone cells except ____ originate from embryonic connective tissue cells

    osteoclasts

  • osteoprogenitor cells

    mitotically active stem cells in periosteum and endosteum

  • Bone Lining Cells

    on bone surfaces where bone remodeling is not occuring

  • Canaliculi

    connect lacunae with eachother & central canal

  • Osteoid

    1/3 of matrix; ground substance and collagen fibers

  • Osteogenesis

    formation of bony skeleton in embryos

  • Endochondral Ossification

    bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage

  • Intramembranous Ossification

    bone develops from a fibrous membrane

  • Endochondral Ossification Steps

    1. bone collar forms around diaphysis of hyaline cartilage model

    2. cartilage calcifies in the center of the diaphysis and the develops cavities

    3. periosteal bud invades the internal cavities and spongy bone forms

    4. the diaphysis elongates and a medullary cavity forms

    5. secondary ossification (epiphyses ossify)

  • Intramembranous Ossification Steps

    1. ossification centers develop in the fibrous connective tissue membrane

    2. osteoid is secreted and calcifies

    3. immature spongy bone and periosteum form

    4. compact bone replaces immature spongy; just deep to the periosteum; red marrow develops

  • Resting Zone

    cartilage is relatively inactive on the side of the epiphyseal plate

  • Proliferation zone

    cartilage cells form tall columns; divide quickly

  • Hypertrophic Zone

    older chondrocytes in stack erod3e and enlarge, leaving interconnecting spaces

  • Calcification Zone

    surrounding cartilage matrix calcifies, chondrocytes die, matrix deteriorates and lets blood vessels invade

  • Ossification Zone

    calcified spicules are invaded by arrow elements from the medullary cavity

  • Growth Hormone

    triggers activity in epiphyseal plate

  • Bone Remodeling

    Process involving bone formation and destruction in response to hormonal and mechanical factors

  • Parathyroid Hormone

    regulates blood calcium level

  • Calcitonin

    hormone released when calcium blood levels are elevated

  • Wolff law

    bones grow/remodel in response to stress placed on it

  • Fracture Treatment

    1. hematoma forms

    2. fibrocartilaginous callus forms

    3. bony callus forms

    4. bone remodeling occurs

  • osteomalacia

    bones are inadequately mineralized; soft bones

  • rickets

    soft weak bones cs no vitamin d

  • Pagets disease

    excessive bone deposit and resorption

  • mesoderm germ layer

    gives rise to embryonic mesenchymal cells, produce embryonic skeleton