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Chapter 9

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Terms in this set (25)

  • What are the four structural classifications of joints?
    Fibrous, Cartilaginous, Bony, and Synovial.
  • Define synarthrosis and give examples.
    An immovable joint that is very strong. Examples include sutures in the skull, gomphosis (teeth sockets), synchondrosis, and synostosis.
  • What is an amphiarthrosis joint?
    A slightly movable joint that is stronger than a diarthrosis. Examples include syndesmosis (bones connected by ligaments) and symphysis (bones connected by fibrocartilage).
  • Describe the basic structure of a synovial joint.
    Contains a joint capsule with a fibrous layer and synovial membrane, a joint cavity filled with synovial fluid, and articular cartilage covering bone surfaces.
  • What are the primary functions of synovial fluid?
    Provides lubrication, nutrient distribution, and shock absorption within the joint cavity.
  • Name accessory structures that stabilize synovial joints.
    Cartilages (menisci), fat pads, ligaments, tendons, and bursae.
  • What is the function of the meniscus in synovial joints?
    A fibrocartilage pad that cushions and stabilizes the joint by improving fit between bones.
  • Define gliding movement and give an example.
    When two flat surfaces slide past each other. Example: movement between carpal bones.
  • What are angular movements at synovial joints?
    Movements that change the angle between bones, including flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction.
  • Explain circumduction.
    A circular movement combining flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction, allowing the distal end of a limb to move in a circle.
  • What is rotational movement in joints?
    Movement around the longitudinal axis of a bone, such as turning the head left or right or rotating limbs medially or laterally.
  • Describe pronation and supination of the forearm.
    Pronation rotates the forearm so the palm faces posteriorly; supination turns the palm anteriorly, as in the anatomical position.
  • List special movements possible at some synovial joints.
    Inversion, eversion, dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, opposition, reposition, protraction, retraction, depression, elevation, and lateral flexion.
  • Classify synovial joints by their movement types.
    Plane (gliding), hinge, condylar (ellipsoid), saddle, pivot, and ball-and-socket.
  • What type of movement does a hinge joint allow?
    Angular motion in a single plane (monaxial), like bending and straightening the elbow or knee.
  • Describe the structure and movement of a ball-and-socket joint.
    A round head fits into a cup-shaped depression, allowing angular, circumduction, and rotational movements (triaxial). Examples: shoulder and hip joints.
  • What are the components of an intervertebral disc?
    An outer tough fibrocartilage layer called the anulus fibrosus and an inner elastic, gelatinous core called the nucleus pulposus.
  • What happens in a herniated intervertebral disc?
    The nucleus pulposus breaks through the anulus fibrosus, potentially compressing spinal nerves and causing pain.
  • Name the major ligaments stabilizing the knee joint.
    Patellar ligament, two popliteal ligaments, anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments, tibial collateral ligament, and fibular collateral ligament.
  • What muscles form the rotator cuff in the shoulder joint?
    Supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis muscles.
  • What is the function of the glenoid labrum in the shoulder joint?
    A rim of fibrocartilage that deepens the glenoid cavity and stabilizes the shoulder joint.
  • List the ligaments supporting the hip joint.
    Iliofemoral, pubofemoral, ischiofemoral, transverse acetabular, and ligament of the femoral head.
  • What are common age-related joint problems?
    Osteoarthritis (wear and tear), rheumatoid arthritis (autoimmune inflammation), and gouty arthritis (uric acid crystal buildup).
  • How does aging affect bones and joints?
    Bone mass decreases, bones weaken, fracture risk increases, and joint mobility may decline due to cartilage wear and reduced synovial fluid.
  • How does the skeletal system interact with other body systems?
    Muscles attach to bones for movement; endocrine system regulates bone growth; digestive and urinary systems supply minerals; skeleton stores minerals and produces blood cells.