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Endocrine System - Anatomy & Physiology

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  • Which gland and cell produce ADH?
    ADH is produced by the hypothalamus and secreted by the posterior pituitary gland.
  • What stimulates ADH secretion?
    ADH secretion is stimulated by increased blood osmolarity or low blood volume.
  • What is the function of ADH?
    ADH conserves water by increasing water reabsorption in the kidneys' collecting ducts.
  • On which body parts does ADH act?
    ADH acts mainly on the kidneys to regulate water balance.
  • Which gland and cell produce oxytocin?
    Oxytocin is produced by the hypothalamus and secreted by the posterior pituitary gland.
  • What stimulates oxytocin secretion?
    Oxytocin secretion is stimulated by uterine stretching and nipple stimulation.
  • What is the function of oxytocin?
    Oxytocin stimulates uterine contractions during labor and milk ejection during breastfeeding.
  • On which body parts does oxytocin act?
    Oxytocin acts on the uterus and mammary glands.
  • Which hormones are released by the posterior pituitary?
    The posterior pituitary releases ADH and oxytocin.
  • Which hormones are released by the anterior pituitary and their functions?
    Anterior pituitary releases GH, TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, and prolactin, regulating growth, thyroid, adrenal cortex, gonads, and milk production.
  • Which hormones are released by the hypothalamus and their functions?
    The hypothalamus releases releasing and inhibiting hormones that regulate the anterior pituitary secretion.
  • Which gland releases T3 and T4 thyroid hormones?
    The thyroid gland releases T3 (triiodothyronine) and T4 (thyroxine).
  • Which hypothalamic hormone stimulates T3 and T4 secretion?
    Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) from the hypothalamus stimulates T3 and T4 secretion.
  • Which anterior pituitary hormone stimulates T3 and T4 secretion?
    Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) from the anterior pituitary stimulates T3 and T4 secretion.
  • Where is cortisol released from and what stimulates its secretion?
    Cortisol is released from the adrenal cortex; secretion is stimulated by ACTH from the anterior pituitary, which is regulated by CRH from the hypothalamus.
  • What is the function of cortisol?
    Cortisol regulates metabolism, reduces inflammation, and helps the body respond to stress.
  • What are androgens and where are they released?
    Androgens are sex hormones released by the adrenal cortex's zona reticularis.
  • What stimulates androgen secretion?
    Androgen secretion is stimulated by luteinizing hormone (LH) from the anterior pituitary, regulated by gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) from the hypothalamus.
  • What is the function of androgens?
    Androgens promote development of male characteristics and support reproductive function.
  • What is the function of aldosterone and where is it released?
    Aldosterone, released by the adrenal cortex's zona glomerulosa, regulates sodium and potassium balance and blood pressure by increasing sodium reabsorption in kidneys.
  • What hormones are released from the adrenal cortex?
    The adrenal cortex releases cortisol, aldosterone, and androgens.
  • What is the function of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)?
    RAAS regulates blood pressure and fluid balance by controlling aldosterone secretion and vasoconstriction.
  • What is the function of prolactin and which gland releases it?
    Prolactin, released by the anterior pituitary, stimulates milk production in mammary glands.
  • What hormone inhibits prolactin secretion and from which gland?
    Dopamine from the hypothalamus inhibits prolactin secretion.
  • What are the functions of FSH and LH in males and females?
    FSH and LH regulate gamete production and sex hormone secretion in both males and females.
  • Which gland releases FSH and LH and what stimulates their release?
    The anterior pituitary releases FSH and LH, stimulated by GnRH from the hypothalamus.
  • Which hormones are released by the adrenal medulla and their functions?
    The adrenal medulla releases epinephrine and norepinephrine, which increase heart rate, blood pressure, and energy availability during stress.
  • Which gland and cells release insulin and what is its function?
    Insulin is released by beta cells of the pancreatic islets; it lowers blood glucose by promoting cellular glucose uptake.
  • Which gland and cells release glucagon and what is its function?
    Glucagon is released by alpha cells of the pancreatic islets; it raises blood glucose by stimulating glycogen breakdown.
  • Which glands release somatostatin and what are its functions?
    Somatostatin is released by the hypothalamus and pancreatic delta cells; it inhibits growth hormone and regulates insulin and glucagon secretion.
  • Which gland and cells release parathyroid hormone (PTH) and what is its function?
    PTH is released by chief cells of the parathyroid gland; it increases blood calcium by stimulating bone resorption and calcium reabsorption in kidneys.
  • Which gland and cells release calcitonin and what is its function?
    Calcitonin is released by parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland; it lowers blood calcium by inhibiting bone resorption.