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EXAM 2

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Terms in this set (96)

  • What variety of cartilage maintains the shape of a structure while allowing great flexibility?

    Elastic cartilage

  • What variety of cartilage resists compression and provides great tensile strength?

    Fibrocartilage

  • What variety of cartilage provides support with flexibility and resilience?

    Hyaline cartilage

  • What variety of cartilage covers the ends of most bone at movable joints?

    Hyaline cartilage

  • What variety of cartilage is the external ear?

    Elastic cartilage

  • What variety of cartilage supports the external nose?

    Hyaline cartilage

  • What variety of cartilage is the disc that joins the hip bone anteriorly?

    Fibrocartilage

  • What variety of cartilage is the costal that connects a rib to the sternum (breastbone)?

    Hyaline cartilage

  • What variety of cartilage is padlike (menisci) of the knee joint?

    Fibrocartilage

  • What variety of cartilage forms the epiglottis (the flap that bends to cover the larynx)?

    Elastic cartilage

  • What variety of cartilage reinforces the walls of the trachea?

    Hyaline cartilage

  • In _____ growth, new cartilage grows from within existing cartilage tissue.

    Interstitial

  • In _____ growth, new cartilage tissue is added at the periphery of existing cartilage tissue.

    Appositional

  • What function support for body and soft organs?

    Support

  • What function protects the brain, spinal cord, and vital organs?

    Protection

  • What function anchorage as levers for muscle action?

    Anchorage

  • What function is mineral storage of calcium and phosphorus most importantly?

    Mineral storage

  • What function is hematopoiesis occurs in red bone marrow of certain bones?

    Blood cell formation

  • What function is fat storage used for energy source, is stored in bone cavities?

    Triglyceride (fat) storage

  • What function helps to regulate insulin secretion, glucose homeostasis, and energy expenditure?

    Hormone production

  • The _____ skeleton consists of the bones of the upper and lower _____ and the girdles that attach the limbs to the trunk.

    Appendicular, limbs.

  • The _____ skeleton includes bones of the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage.

    Axial

  • What is the difference between the general functions of the axial and appendicular regions of the skeleton?

    Axial skeleton: Long axis of the body, skull, vertebral column, rib cage.

    Appendicular skeleton: Bones of upper and lower limbs. Girdles attaching limbs to axial skeleton.

  • What are long bones?

    Hard, dense bones that are longer than they are wife.

    Function primarily to support weight, facilitate movement, and produce blood cells.

    Structures: Diaphysis (shaft), epiphysis (ends), periosteum.

  • What are flat bones?

    Thin, flattened, and often curved skeletal strictures that protect vital internal organs and provide broad surfaces for muscle attachment.

    Structures: Layers, marrow, skull, thoracic cage, shoulder.

  • What are irregular bones?

    Bone that have complex, unique shapes that do not fit into the categories of long, short, flat, or sesamoid bones. They protect organs, muscle attachment, support and structure.

    Structures: Vertebrae, pelvic bones, facial and skull bones.

  • What are sesamoid (short) bones?

    A small, round or oval bone embedded within a tendon or muscle near a joint surface.

    They provide a smooth surface for tendons to slide over.

    Boost a tendon ability to transmit muscular force and improve mechanical advantage.

    Structures: Patella (kneecap), foot sesamoids, hand and wrist sesamoids.

  • What are short bones?

    Cube-shaped skeletal elements where the length, width, and height are roughly equal.

    Stability and support, limited motion.

    Structure: Spongy bone core, compact outer layer, no shaft, wrists, ankles, kneecap.

  • What bone class do most limbs bones fall into?

    Lone bone.

  • What is the function of red bone marrow?

    To produces all red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets through a process called hematopoiesis.

  • Where is red bone marrow located?

    Red bone marrow is found within trabecular cavities of spongy bone and diploe of flat bones, such as sternum.

  • How does the gross anatomy of a typical flat bone differs from that of a long bone?

    The gross anatomy of a flat bone differs from a long bone primarily in its overall shape, internal layout, and lack of a central shaft and marrow cavity.

  • What are the bone markings of projections that are sites of muscle and ligament attachment?

    Tubercle, spine, trochanter, epicondyle, tuberosity.

  • What are the bone markings of surfaces that help to form joints?

    Condyle, facet, head.

  • What are the bone markings of depressions and openings?

    Meatus, foramen, fossa.

  • What type of structure is compact bone only?

    Osteons

  • What type of structure is spongy bone only?

    Trabeculae

  • What type of structures are both compact and spongy bone?

    Osteocytes and canaliculi

  • What structure is chamber that contain mature bone cells?

    Lacunae

  • What structure is a small needle-like or flat pieces of bone that form a honeycomb structure?

    Canaliculi

  • What cell type is cells that resorb (break down) bone?

    Osteoclasts

  • What structure is tiny canals filled with tissue fluid and containing extension of bone cells?

    Canaliculi

  • What structure is layers of bone matrix in compact bone?

    Concentric

  • What structure is canals that lie at right angles to the long axis of a long bone?

    Perforating canals

  • What cell type is mature bone cells that monitor and maintain bone matrix?

    Osteocytes

  • What structure is canals that run through the core of each osteon?

    Central canals

  • What cell type is bone-forming cells that secrete the bone matrix?

    Osteoblasts

  • What are the organic components of bones?

    Osteogenic cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, bone-lining cells, osteoclasts, and osteoid.

  • What characteristics of bone are due to these organic components? In the analogy, are the organic components more like the concrete of the highway or the rebar?

    The organic components of bone (collagen fibers in osteoid) provide bone with tensile strength flexibility. This allows the bone to resist stretching, twisting, bending forces without shattering or breaking easily.

    The organic components are the rebar.

  • List the inorganic components of bone.

    Hydroxyapatites (mineral salts), makeup 65% of bone by mass, consists mainly of tiny calcium phosphate crystals in and around the collagen fibers, responsible for hardness and resistance to compression.

  • What characteristics of bone are due to these inorganic components? In the analogy, are the inorganic components more like the concrete of the highway or the rebar?

    The inorganic components of bone provide hardness, rigidity, and compressive strength, which allows bones to resist crushing forces. In the reinforced highway analogy, these inorganic minerals are more like the concrete.

  • What is first order of events of endochondral ossification?

    1: A bone collar forms around the diaphysis of the hyaline cartilage model.

  • What is second order of events of endochondral ossification?

    2: Cartilage calcifies in the center of the diaphysis and then develops cavities.

  • What is third order of events of endochondral ossification?

    3: The periosteal bud invades the internal cavities and spongy bone forms.

  • What is forth order of events of endochondral ossification?

    4: Secondary ossification centers appear in the epiphyses; a medullary cavity forms in the diaphysis.

  • What is fifth order of events of endochondral ossification?

    5: The epiphyses ossify.

  • What bone is formed by intramembranous ossification?

    Frontal bone of the cranium.

  • In _____ ossification, a bone develops from a fibrous membrane.

    Intramembranous

  • _____ ossification is more complex than intramembranous ossification.

    Endochondral

  • Most bones that form by intramembranous ossification are _____.

    Flat bones

  • In intramembranous ossification, _____ forms first.

    Spongy bones

  • Growth in _____ of a long bone occurs at the epiphyseal plate.

    Length

  • The epiphyseal plate maintains a constant thickness because the rate of cartilage growth on its _____-facing side is balanced by its replacement with bony tissue on its _____-facing side.

    Epiphysis and diaphysis.

  • Growth in width (thickness) occurs by _____ growth.

    Appositional

  • What zone is located on top of the apophyseal plate?

    Resting zone

  • What zone is where cartilage cells undergo mitosis?

    Proliferation zone

  • What zone is where older cartilage cells enlarge?

    Hypertrophic zone

  • What zone is where matrix calcifies; cartilage cells die; matrix begins deteriorating.

    Calcification zone

  • What zone is where new bone is forming.

    Ossification zone

  • The prefix “A-” means _____.

    Without, not, or lacking.

  • The prefix “Chondr-” means _____.

    Cartilage

  • The suffix “Plas-” means _____.

    Formation, growth, or development.

  • What does achondroplasia translate to?

    Without cartilage formation.

  • What two zones of the epiphyseal plate are responsible for producing a thinner epiphyseal plate?

    Proliferation zone and the hypertrophic zone.

  • In the adult skeleton, where does bone remodeling primarily occur?

    Endosteum

  • If osteoclasts are more active than osteoblasts in the femur, how will the bone mass of the femur change?

    Bone mass will decrease.

  • What would happen to bone tissue in the absence of bone remodeling?

    Bones become very brittle, fractures happen easily, bone cannot adapt, mineral level drop, injuries do not fully heal.

  • Why is it important to maintain homeostatic levels of calcium in the extracellular fluid?

    Calcium ions regulate vital physiological processes, including neuromuscular activity, cardiac function, and blood coagulation. Deviations from normal levels can cause immediate, life-threatening complications like muscle tetany or cardiac arrest.

  • What happens in response to low blood calcium levels,?

    The parathyroid glands release parathyroid hormone (PTH). This hormone stimulates osteoclasts (type of bone cell) to resorb bone. Bone resorption increases blood calcium levels.

  • What hormone is the most important in regulating blood calcium levels?

    Parathyroid hormone

  • What hormone lowers blood calcium levels briefly when administered at pharmacological (abnormally high) doses?

    Calcitonin

  • What is the order of stages in the healing of a closed fracture?

    (1) Hematoma forms

    (2) fibrocartilaginous callus forms

    (3) bony callus forms

    (4) bone remodeling occurs.

  • What fractures does the bone ends are out of normal alignment?

    Displaced fractures.

  • What fractures is the bone broken through?

    Complete fractures.

  • What fractures does the bone penetrate the skin?

    Open fractures.

  • What fractures are also called closed fractures?

    Simple fractures.

  • What fracture is bone crushed; common in the vertebral column?

    Compression fracture.

  • What fracture is broken bone portion is passed inward; typical of a skull fracture?

    Depressed fracture.

  • What fracture is bone break incompletely; common in children?

    Compression fracture.

  • What fracture is bone fragments into three or more pieces; more common in older adults?

    Comminuted fracture.

  • What fracture is bone breaks due to excessive twisting forces; common sports fracture?

    Spiral fracture.

  • What fracture is end of a long separates from the shaft; tends to occur where cartilage cells are dying and calcification of the matrix is occurring?

    Epiphyseal fracture.

  • Osteoporosis

    Bone resorption outpaces bone deposit resulting in decreased bone density throughout the skeleton; more common in postmenopausal females.

  • Paget's disease

    Excessive abnormal bone deposit and resorption results in bone with an abnormally high ratio of spongy bone to compact bone; usually a localized.

  • Rickets

    Bones are soft and weak; disorder i children in which bowed legs and deformities of the pelvis, skull, and rib cage are common.

  • Osteomalacia

    Bones are poorly mineralized; caused by insufficient calcium in the diet or by a vitamin D deficiency.