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Exam 2 Flashcards

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Terms in this set (22)

  • Clot Formation

    Damaged tissue releases activated platelets and platelet aggregation occurs. Clotting factors are activated, forming a fibrin mesh that traps blood cells, stabilizing the clot and stopping bleeding.

  • Clotting Cascade

    Involves intrinsic and extrinsic pathways that activate clotting factors, leading to the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin, which converts fibrinogen to fibrin to form a clot.

  • Blood Typing

    Based on presence of antigens on RBCs and antibodies in plasma. Blood type compatibility is crucial for transfusions to avoid agglutination.

  • Capillary Exchange

    Diffusion of gases, glucose, and hormones occurs where blood concentration gradients exist. Exchange is influenced by hydrostatic and osmotic pressures.

  • Circulatory Routes

    Blood flows through systemic and pulmonary circuits, including hepatic portal and fetal circulation, delivering blood to body regions and organs.

  • Pulse Points

    Locations where arteries are close to skin and can be palpated to measure pulse, such as carotid, radial, and femoral arteries.

  • Blood Distribution in Vessels

    Most blood is in veins (64%), less in arteries and capillaries. Veins act as blood reservoirs due to their capacity and compliance.

  • Vascular Anastomoses

    Connections between blood vessels providing alternate pathways for blood flow, important in areas like the brain and heart.

  • Hemodynamics: Blood Pressure (BP)

    BP is generated by heart pumping and vessel resistance. It is influenced by cardiac output, blood volume, and vessel elasticity.

  • Hemodynamics: Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)

    MAP = Diastolic BP + 1/3 (Systolic BP - Diastolic BP). It represents average blood pressure in arteries during one cardiac cycle.

  • Factors Affecting Cardiac Output

    Includes chronotropic agents (heart rate changes), inotropic agents (contractility), and preload (venous return). Sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems regulate these.

  • Congestive Heart Failure

    Condition where the heart cannot pump effectively, causing fluid buildup and edema due to insufficient cardiac output.

  • Blood Vessels Structure

    Arteries have thick muscular walls and elastic fibers; veins have valves and thinner walls; capillaries are one cell thick for exchange.

  • Cardiac Cycle

    Sequence of heart chamber contractions and relaxations including systole and diastole, producing heart sounds and pumping blood.

  • Heart Valves

    Prevent backflow of blood; include atrioventricular valves (tricuspid and mitral) and semilunar valves (aortic and pulmonary).

  • Conduction System of the Heart

    Includes SA node, AV node, bundle of His, and Purkinje fibers that coordinate heartbeats by electrical impulses.

  • ECG (Electrocardiogram)

    Records electrical activity of the heart, showing P wave, QRS complex, and T wave corresponding to atrial and ventricular depolarization and repolarization.

  • Coronary Circulation

    Supplies blood to heart muscle via coronary arteries and veins; blockage can cause ischemia and myocardial infarction.

  • Erythropoiesis

    Production of red blood cells stimulated by erythropoietin in response to low oxygen levels.

  • Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)

    Defend against infection; include granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils) and agranulocytes (lymphocytes, monocytes).

  • Platelets

    Cell fragments involved in blood clotting; derived from megakaryocytes and help form platelet plugs.

  • Blood Composition

    Consists of plasma (55%) and formed elements (45%) including RBCs, WBCs, and platelets.