Skip to main content
Back

Exam 3-respiratory, immunity, and lymphatic

Control buttons has been changed to "navigation" mode.
1/48

  • What are the two major functions of the lymphatic system?

    Produce, maintain, and distribute lymphocytes; return interstitial fluid to the blood.

  • What is lymph?

    Interstitial fluid that has entered lymphatic capillaries.

  • Where are lymphatic capillaries found?

    In interstitial spaces.

  • Are lymphatic capillaries open-ended or closed-ended?

    Closed-ended.

  • The two major lymphatic ducts are the

    Thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct.

  • Lymphatic vessels are most similar to what blood vessels?

    Veins.

  • Where do all lymphocytes originate?

    red bone marrow

  • What does the "T" in T cells stand for?

    Thymus-dependent.

  • What do T cells bind to?

    Cells with a specific antigen.

  • Where do B cells mature?

    bone marrow

  • What is the major function of B cells?

    Secrete antibodies against a specific antigen.

  • What do NK cells attack?

    Foreign, abnormal, or infected cells

  • What is an antigen?

    A substance that provokes an adaptive immune response.

  • What do antigens stimulate the production of?

    Antibodies.

  • Lymphoid tissue consists mainly of what cells?

    Lymphocytes (mostly B cells).

  • What type of connective tissue contains lymphoid nodules?

    Areolar or reticular CT.

  • What does MALT stand for?

    Mucosa-Associated Lymphatic Tissue.

  • Where is MALT found?

    Along the digestive tract.

  • What are tonsils?

    Large lymphatic nodules in the pharynx.

  • What cells are abundant in lymph nodes?

    Lymphocytes and macrophages.

  • What surrounds a lymph node?

    A capsule

  • Where are lymph nodes concentrated?

    Axillary, cervical, and inguinal regions.

  • How many afferent vessels enter a lymph node?

    multiple

  • How many efferent vessels leave a lymph node?

    one or two

  • What is the primary function of lymph nodes?

    remove antigens from lymph

  • What does the spleen remove antigens from?

    blood

  • Besides immune function, what does the spleen store?

    Iron (Fe)

  • What cells are abundant in the spleen?

    Macrophages

  • What happens to the thymus after puberty?

    It decreases in size

  • where do t-cells mature?

    thymus gland

  • What are the first-line defenses against pathogens?

    epidermis and mucous membranes

  • What process attracts phagocytes to an area?

    chemotaxis

  • Which cells are the major phagocytes?

    neutrophils and macrophages

  • What is opsonization?

    coating pathogens to enhance phagocytosis

  • What do NK cells recognize?

    Cells with abnormal or missing membrane markers.

  • What three substances do NK cells secrete?

    Perforin, granzymes, and TNF.

  • What chemical is most associated with vasodilation during inflammation?

    histamine

  • Inflammation causes increased:

    Vasodilation, permeability, and phagocyte activity.

  • What do interferons do?

    Stimulate antiviral proteins and activate NK cells/macrophages.

  • Humoral immunity is mediated by what cells?

    B cells

  • What is the role of Regulatory T cells (Treg)?

    Suppress b cell and t cell activity

  • What are the four major functions of the respiratory system?

    External respiration, protection, olfaction, and vocalization.

  • What type of epithelium makes up most of the respiratory mucosa?

    Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.

  • What connective tissue layer lies beneath the respiratory epithelium?

    Lamina propria.

  • What direction is mucus swept in the respiratory tract?

    toward the pharynx.

  • What is the function of the pharynx?

    Passageway for food and air.

  • What type of muscle controls the pharynx?

    Skeletal muscle.

  • What is another name for the larynx?

    voice box