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Foundations of Human Anatomy: Chapter 1

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Terms in this set (29)

  • What is anatomy?

    Anatomy is the study of external and internal structures of the body and the relationships between body parts.

  • What is physiology?

    Physiology is the study of how the body functions and the mechanisms within the body.

  • Define microscopic anatomy and its two main branches.

    Microscopic anatomy studies structures not visible without magnification. It includes cytology (study of cells) and histology (study of tissues).

  • What is gross anatomy?

    Gross anatomy is the study of structures visible to the naked eye, including surface, regional, and systemic anatomy.

  • What is surface anatomy?

    Surface anatomy studies external features of the body visible without dissection, including anatomical landmarks used for locating internal structures.

  • What is the clinical significance of the sternal angle?

    The sternal angle is a palpable ridge where the manubrium meets the body of the sternum, used to locate the second rib and important internal structures at the T4-T5 level.

  • Name four other types of anatomical studies.

    Clinical anatomy, surgical anatomy, radiographic anatomy, and cross-sectional anatomy.

  • List the levels of organization in the human body from simplest to most complex.

    Chemical/molecular, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, and organism levels.

  • What is an emergent property in anatomy?

    An emergent property is a new function that arises when simpler components are organized and interact.

  • What are the four basic tissue types?

    Epithelial, muscular, neural, and connective tissues.

  • What is the anatomical position?

    A standardized reference position where the body stands erect, feet flat, palms and head facing forward.

  • Define supine and prone positions.

    Supine: lying face up; Prone: lying face down.

  • What are the four abdominopelvic quadrants?

    Right upper quadrant (RUQ), left upper quadrant (LUQ), right lower quadrant (RLQ), and left lower quadrant (LLQ).

  • How are the abdominopelvic quadrants determined?

    By intersecting a transverse plane and a midsagittal plane at the umbilicus (navel).

  • Name the nine abdominopelvic regions.

    Right and left hypochondriac, epigastric, right and left lumbar, umbilical, right and left inguinal, and hypogastric (pubic) regions.

  • List common anatomical directional terms.

    Superior, inferior, anterior (ventral), posterior (dorsal), medial, lateral, superficial, deep, proximal, distal.

  • What are the three main sectional planes in anatomy?

    Sagittal (midsagittal and parasagittal), transverse, and frontal (coronal) planes.

  • Describe the sagittal plane and its types.

    The sagittal plane divides the body into left and right sections; midsagittal is equal halves, parasagittal is parallel but unequal.

  • What does the transverse plane separate?

    The transverse plane separates the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) parts.

  • What does the frontal (coronal) plane separate?

    The frontal plane separates the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) sections.

  • What are body cavities and their function?

    Body cavities are internal chambers that protect organs and allow them to change shape during movement or growth.

  • Name the two main body cavities separated by the diaphragm.

    The thoracic cavity (superior) and the abdominopelvic cavity (inferior).

  • What are the subdivisions of the dorsal (posterior) cavity?

    The cranial cavity and the spinal cavity.

  • What are the subdivisions of the ventral (anterior) cavity?

    The thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity.

  • What are the subdivisions of the thoracic cavity?

    The pleural cavities (surround lungs) and the pericardial cavity (surrounds the heart).

  • What are the subdivisions of the abdominopelvic cavity?

    The abdominal cavity and the pelvic cavity, lined by the peritoneum.

  • What are serous membranes and their role?

    Serous membranes line body cavities and secrete fluid to reduce friction between organs and cavity walls.

  • Name the serous membranes associated with the thoracic cavity.

    Visceral and parietal pleura (lungs), visceral and parietal pericardium (heart).

  • Name the serous membranes associated with the abdominopelvic cavity.

    Visceral and parietal peritoneum.