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Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology - Chapter 1

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  • What is anatomy?

    Anatomy describes the structures of the body, including what they are made of, where they are located, and associated structures.

  • What is physiology?

    Physiology is the study of the functions of anatomical structures and how individual and cooperative functions occur.

  • What are the main types of human anatomy?

    Gross (macroscopic) anatomy and microscopic anatomy.

    • Gross anatomy examines large, visible structures.
    • Microscopic anatomy examines cells and molecules.
  • Name the specialties of gross anatomy.

    Surface anatomy, regional anatomy, sectional anatomy, systemic anatomy, clinical anatomy, developmental anatomy (including embryology).

  • What are the two main branches of microscopic anatomy?

    Cytology (study of cells) and histology (study of tissues).

  • What are the subdivisions of human physiology?

    Cell physiology, organ physiology, systemic physiology, and pathological physiology.

  • What is the chemical level of organization?

    Atoms are the smallest stable units of matter, and molecules consist of groups of atoms.

  • What is the cellular level of organization?

    Cells are the smallest living units in the body.

  • What defines the tissue level of organization?

    A tissue is a group of cells working together.

  • What is the organ level of organization?

    Organs are made of two or more tissues working together.

  • What is the organ system level of organization?

    An organ system is a group of interacting organs; humans have 11 organ systems.

  • What is the organism level of organization?

    An individual life form is an organism.

  • Name the major organs and functions of the integumentary system.

    Organs: skin, hair, sweat glands, nails.
    Functions: protects against environmental hazards, regulates body temperature, provides sensory information.

  • What are the major organs and functions of the skeletal system?

    Organs: bones, cartilages, ligaments, bone marrow.
    Functions: support and protection, stores minerals, forms blood cells.

  • What are the major organs and functions of the muscular system?

    Organs: skeletal muscles and tendons.
    Functions: movement, protection, support, generates heat to maintain body temperature.

  • What are the major organs and functions of the nervous system?

    Organs: brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, sense organs.
    Functions: directs immediate responses to stimuli, coordinates other systems, provides sensory information.

  • What are the major organs and functions of the endocrine system?

    Organs: pituitary, thyroid, adrenal glands, pancreas, gonads.
    Functions: directs long-term changes, adjusts metabolism, controls development.

  • What are the major organs and functions of the cardiovascular system?

    Organs: heart, blood, blood vessels.
    Functions: distributes blood cells, nutrients, wastes, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and heat.

  • What are the major organs and functions of the lymphatic system?

    Organs: spleen, thymus, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, tonsils.
    Functions: defends against infection, returns tissue fluids to bloodstream.

  • What are the major organs and functions of the respiratory system?

    Organs: nasal cavities, sinuses, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, alveoli.
    Functions: delivers air to alveoli, provides oxygen, removes carbon dioxide, produces sounds.

  • What are the major organs and functions of the digestive system?

    Organs: teeth, tongue, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, pancreas.
    Functions: processes and digests food, absorbs water and nutrients, stores energy.

  • What are the major organs and functions of the urinary system?

    Organs: kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra.
    Functions: excretes waste, controls water balance, stores urine, regulates blood ions and pH.

  • What are the major organs and functions of the male reproductive system?

    Organs: testes, epididymides, ductus deferentia, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, penis, scrotum.
    Functions: produces sperm, seminal fluids, hormones, sexual intercourse.

  • What are the major organs and functions of the female reproductive system?

    Organs: ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, labia, clitoris, mammary glands.
    Functions: produces oocytes and hormones, supports embryo, provides milk, sexual intercourse.

  • What is homeostasis?

    Homeostasis is the maintenance of a stable internal environment by all body systems responding to internal and external changes.

  • What are the components of a homeostatic regulatory mechanism?

    1. Receptor: receives stimulus.
    2. Control center: processes signal and sends instructions.
    3. Effector: carries out instructions to maintain set point.

  • What is negative feedback in homeostasis?

    Negative feedback is a response that negates the original stimulus, bringing the body back to normal range and maintaining homeostasis.

  • What is positive feedback in homeostasis?

    Positive feedback amplifies the original change, moving the body away from homeostasis temporarily to complete a process quickly, such as blood clotting.