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GBIO150 Chapter 5 - Skeletal System

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Terms in this set (27)

  • What are the two main subdivisions of the skeletal system?
    Axial skeleton (longitudinal axis of the body) and Appendicular skeleton (bones of limbs and girdles).
  • List the five primary functions of bones.
    Support, protection of soft organs, movement due to attached skeletal muscles, storage of fats and minerals, blood cell formation.
  • What are the two basic types of bone tissue?
    Compact bone (dense and smooth) and Spongy bone (needle-like pieces with many open spaces).
  • Describe the gross anatomy of a long bone.
    Consists of a diaphysis (shaft, compact bone), epiphyses (ends, mostly spongy bone), articular cartilage (hyaline cartilage covering epiphyses), epiphyseal plate (growth plate in youth), and medullary cavity (contains marrow).
  • What is the function of the periosteum?
    A fibrous connective tissue membrane that covers and protects the diaphysis and contains Sharpey’s fibers to secure it to the bone.
  • What are bone markings and their categories?
    Surface features of bones that serve as attachment sites or passages. Categories include projections/processes (grow out from bone) and depressions/cavities (indentations).
  • Name the microscopic structures of compact bone.
    Osteon (Haversian system), lamellae, lacunae, central (Haversian) canal, canaliculi, and perforating (Volkmann’s) canals.
  • What bones make up the axial skeleton?
    Skull, vertebral column, and bony thorax (rib cage and sternum).
  • What are the two sets of bones in the skull?
    Cranium (encloses brain) and facial bones (hold eyes, attachment for muscles).
  • How are skull bones joined?
    By sutures, which are interlocking, immovable joints, except the mandible which has a freely movable joint.
  • List the eight bones of the cranium.
    Frontal, 2 parietal, 2 temporal, occipital, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones.
  • What are paranasal sinuses and their functions?
    Hollow portions of bones around the nasal cavity that lighten the skull and amplify sounds during speech.
  • What is unique about the hyoid bone?
    It does not articulate with any other bone and serves as a movable base for the tongue aiding in swallowing and speech.
  • Describe the vertebral column structure.
    Consists of 24 vertebrae separated by intervertebral discs, plus fused sacrum and coccyx at the base.
  • What are the primary and secondary curvatures of the spine?
    Primary curvatures: thoracic and sacral (convex, present at birth). Secondary curvatures: cervical and lumbar (concave, develop after birth).
  • What are the three parts of the bony thorax?
    Sternum, ribs (true, false, floating), and thoracic vertebrae.
  • What bones compose the pectoral girdle?
    Clavicle (collarbone) and scapula (shoulder blade).
  • Name the bones of the upper limb.
    Humerus (arm), radius and ulna (forearm), carpals (wrist), metacarpals (palm), and phalanges (fingers).
  • What bones form the pelvic girdle?
    Two coxal bones, each composed of ilium, ischium, and pubis.
  • What bones make up the lower limbs?
    Femur (thigh), tibia and fibula (lower leg), tarsals (ankle), metatarsals (foot), and phalanges (toes).
  • How are joints functionally classified?
    Synarthroses (immovable), amphiarthroses (slightly movable), and diarthroses (freely movable).
  • What are the three structural classifications of joints?
    Fibrous (immovable), cartilaginous (immovable or slightly movable), and synovial (freely movable).
  • Describe the features of synovial joints.
    Articular cartilage, fibrous articular capsule lined with synovial membrane, joint cavity filled with synovial fluid, and reinforcing ligaments.
  • What are bursae and tendon sheaths?
    Bursae are fibrous sacs filled with synovial fluid that reduce friction; tendon sheaths are elongated bursae that wrap around tendons.
  • List the types of synovial joints based on shape.
    Plane, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, and ball-and-socket joints.
  • Give an example and movement type of a hinge joint.
    Elbow joint; uni-axial angular movement in one axis.
  • What type of joint is the shoulder and hip?
    Ball-and-socket joint; multi-axial movement.