BackImmune System Disorders and Clinical Applications in Anatomy & Physiology
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Terms in this set (28)
A differential counts the different types of white blood cells to help identify the type of infection or immune response.
Higher eosinophil levels typically indicate a parasitic infection or allergic reaction.
Pathogens evade immunity by mutating antigens, hiding inside cells, or producing substances that suppress immune responses.
They are Type 1 Hypersensitivity, Type 2 Antibody-mediated Hypersensitivity, and Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity (DTH).
It is an immediate allergic reaction involving IgE antibodies causing symptoms like hives, asthma, or anaphylaxis.
Hives are raised, itchy red welts on the skin caused by histamine release during allergic reactions.
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory airway disease triggered by allergens causing bronchoconstriction and breathing difficulty.
Anaphylactic shock is a severe Type 1 hypersensitivity causing systemic vasodilation, airway constriction, and symptoms like swelling, low blood pressure, and difficulty breathing.
Treatments include epinephrine injection, antihistamines, and immediate medical attention.
It involves antibodies binding to cell surface antigens, leading to cell destruction or dysfunction.
Examples include blood transfusion reactions and autoimmune hemolytic anemia.
T lymphocytes (T cells) mediate DTH by releasing cytokines that cause inflammation.
Contact dermatitis is a skin inflammation caused by DTH to allergens like poison ivy or chemicals.
The test injects tuberculin to trigger a DTH response; T cells cause an induration if previously exposed to tuberculosis.
An induration is a raised, hardened area at the injection site indicating a positive immune response.
They are genetic disorders causing defects in immune cell development or function.
SCID is a primary immunodeficiency with very low T and B lymphocytes, leading to severe infections.
Both T cells and B cells are extremely low or absent.
It is an acquired immune deficiency caused by external factors like infections or drugs.
HIV infection is the most common cause, leading to AIDS.
HIV-1 uses reverse transcriptase to convert its RNA into DNA, integrating into host cells and evading immunity.
The phases are acute infection, clinical latency, and AIDS with severe immune failure.
A cancer of blood vessels often seen in AIDS patients due to immune suppression.
Drugs like antiretrovirals inhibit viral replication and improve immune function.
They result from the immune system attacking self-antigens due to loss of self-tolerance.
An autoimmune disorder where immune cells attack the myelin sheath of nerve cells.
An autoimmune response following streptococcal infection causing inflammation of the heart, joints, and tissues.
A chronic autoimmune disease causing widespread inflammation and tissue damage in skin, joints, and organs.