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Integumentary System - Anatomy & Physiology

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Terms in this set (34)

  • Components of the integumentary system

    The skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands.

  • Functions of the integumentary system

    Protection, temperature regulation, sensation, excretion, vitamin D synthesis, and waterproofing.

  • Tissue type making up the epidermis

    Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.

  • Distinct cell types of the epidermis and their functions

    Keratocytes produce keratin; melanocytes produce pigment; Langerhans cells provide immune defense; Merkel cells function in touch sensation.

  • Layers of the epidermis in order (deep to superficial)

    Stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum (only in thick skin), stratum corneum.

  • Distinctions between epidermal layers

    Basale: mitotic cells; Spinosum: desmosomes; Granulosum: keratohyalin granules; Lucidum: clear dead cells; Corneum: dead keratinized cells.

  • Location of the dermis relative to epidermis

    The dermis lies directly beneath the epidermis.

  • Cell types and structures in the dermis

    Contains fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, blood vessels, nerves, hair follicles, and glands.

  • Two layers of the dermis and their differences

    Papillary layer: loose connective tissue with dermal papillae; Reticular layer: dense irregular connective tissue providing strength.

  • Structures in the dermal layers

    Papillary: capillaries and sensory neurons; Reticular: sweat glands, sebaceous glands, blood vessels, pressure receptors.

  • Skin markings and distinctions

    Includes friction ridges (fingerprints), flexion lines, and freckles.

  • Location of the hypodermis

    The hypodermis lies beneath the dermis, connecting skin to underlying tissues.

  • Features and functions of the hypodermis

    Composed mainly of adipose tissue; provides insulation, energy storage, and cushioning.

  • Pigments contributing to skin color

    Melanin, carotene, and hemoglobin.

  • Differences between skin pigments

    Melanin: produced by melanocytes, brown/black pigment; Carotene: from diet, orange-yellow; Hemoglobin: red from blood in vessels.

  • Alterations to skin color and associated states

    Cyanosis: blue, low oxygen; Jaundice: yellow, liver issues; Erythema: redness, inflammation; Pallor: paleness, anemia.

  • Steps of tissue repair

    Inflammation: clot formation; Organization: granulation tissue forms; Regeneration: epithelial growth and remodeling.

  • Functions of skin appendages

    Hair: protection and sensation; Nails: protect digits; Sweat glands: thermoregulation; Sebaceous glands: lubrication.

  • Body areas without hair

    Palms, soles, lips, nipples, and parts of external genitalia.

  • What is hair made of?

    Made of keratinized dead cells arranged in a shaft.

  • Regions of hair and their differences

    Root: embedded in follicle; Shaft: visible part above skin.

  • Hair follicles and their parts

    Includes bulb (growth zone), papilla (blood supply), and sheaths (protective layers).

  • Types of hair and locations

    Lanugo: fetal hair; Vellus: fine body hair; Terminal: thick hair on scalp, eyebrows, and pubic areas.

  • Phases of hair growth

    Anagen: active growth; Catagen: regression; Telogen: resting phase.

  • Types of hair thinning/baldness

    Androgenic alopecia: genetic; Telogen effluvium: stress-related shedding.

  • Two main types of sweat glands and differences

    Eccrine glands: widespread, thermoregulation; Apocrine glands: in axillary/genital areas, scent glands.

  • Locations of different sweat glands

    Eccrine: all over body; Apocrine: armpits, groin, around nipples.

  • Difference between sebaceous and sweat glands

    Sebaceous glands: secrete oily sebum; Sweat glands: secrete watery sweat.

  • Type of gland sebaceous glands are

    Holocrine glands that release sebum by cell rupture.

  • Major types of skin cancer and distinctions

    Basal cell carcinoma: most common, slow-growing; Squamous cell carcinoma: arises from keratinocytes; Melanoma: from melanocytes, most dangerous.

  • Immediate threat of skin burns

    Loss of fluid, risk of infection, and impaired temperature regulation.

  • Clinical evaluation of burns

    Assessed by depth (degree) and total body surface area affected.

  • Two types of partial-thickness burns

    First-degree: epidermis only; Second-degree: epidermis and part of dermis.

  • Characteristics of full-thickness burns

    Destroy epidermis and dermis, may affect hypodermis; painless due to nerve damage; require grafting.