BackIntroduction to Anatomy & Physiology
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Terms in this set (35)
Anatomy studies the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another.
Physiology concerns the function of the body, or how body parts work and carry out life-sustaining activities.
Name the levels of structural organization in the human body.
Chemical, Cellular, Tissue, Organ, Organ System, and Organismal levels.
What is the Chemical level of structural organization?
The simplest level, involving atoms and molecules that form the building blocks of matter.
What is the Cellular level?
Consists of cells, the smallest living units in the body.
Groups of similar cells working together to perform a specific function, e.g., blood, muscle, nerves.
Structures composed of two or more tissue types that perform specific functions.
Groups of organs that work closely together to accomplish a common purpose.
The highest level of structural organization; the human organism as a whole.
Separation between internal and external environments is essential; plasma membranes separate cells, and skin separates the organism from the environment.
Movement allows body parts and substances to move via skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles.
The ability to sense and respond to stimuli, such as withdrawal reflexes and control of breathing rate.
Breakdown of ingested foodstuffs followed by absorption of simple molecules into the blood.
All chemical reactions in body cells, including catabolism (breakdown) and anabolism (synthesis).
Removal of wastes from metabolism and digestion, such as urea, carbon dioxide, and feces.
Cellular reproduction involves cell division for growth or repair; organismal reproduction is producing offspring.
Increase in size of a body part or the entire organism.
There are 11 organ systems that work together to maintain life.
Forms the external body covering, protects deeper tissues, synthesizes vitamin D, and houses receptors and glands.
Protects and supports body organs, provides a framework for movement, forms blood cells, and stores minerals.
Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, facial expression, maintains posture, and produces heat.
Fast-acting control system that responds to internal and external changes by activating muscles and glands.
Glands secrete hormones regulating growth, reproduction, and metabolism.
Blood vessels transport blood carrying oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and wastes; the heart pumps blood.
Returns leaked fluid to blood, disposes of debris, houses immune cells, and mounts immune responses.
Keeps blood supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide through lung air sacs.
Breaks down food into absorbable units for distribution; eliminates indigestible food as feces.
Eliminates nitrogenous wastes and regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of blood.
Male produces sperm and hormones; female produces eggs, hormones, and supports fertilization and fetal development.
Nutrients, oxygen, water, normal body temperature, and appropriate atmospheric pressure.
Maintaining the body’s internal environment in a relatively constant state despite external changes.
Any disturbance that alters the balance of the internal environment.
Receptor (detects change), control center (processes information), and effector (responds to change).
The output reduces or shuts off the original stimulus, maintaining balance (e.g., thermostat).
The response enhances the original stimulus, accelerating the change (e.g., blood clotting, labor contractions).