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Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology

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Terms in this set (20)

  • What is Human Anatomy?

    Human Anatomy is the study of the structure or form of the human body.

  • What is Human Physiology?

    Human Physiology is the study of the body’s functions.

  • What is the relationship between structure and function in the body?

    The body’s structure and function are closely related; the form of a structure best suits its function.

  • Define Homeostasis.

    Homeostasis is the condition in which the body maintains a relatively stable internal environment.

  • What are the main characteristics of living organisms?

    Living organisms share cellular composition, metabolism, growth, excretion, responsiveness, movement, and reproduction.

  • List the levels of structural organization in the human body from smallest to largest.

    Chemical, Cellular, Tissue, Organ, Organ System, Organism levels.

  • What are the 11 organ systems of the human body?

    The human body has 11 organ systems that work together to maintain life (not all named here).

  • What is the anatomical position?

    The body is standing upright, feet shoulder-width apart, upper limbs at sides, head and palms facing forward.

  • Define the directional terms Anterior and Posterior.

    Anterior means toward the front; Posterior means toward the back.

  • What do Superior and Inferior mean in anatomical terms?

    Superior means toward the head; Inferior means toward the tail or lower part of the body.

  • Explain Proximal and Distal.

    Proximal means closer to the point of origin; Distal means farther from the point of origin (used for limbs).

  • What are the three main planes of section in anatomy?

    Sagittal (right and left), Frontal (anterior and posterior), and Transverse (superior and inferior) planes.

  • What is a negative feedback loop?

    A feedback loop that opposes the initial change and reduces the output to maintain homeostasis.

  • What are the steps of a negative feedback loop?

    Stimulus, receptor, control center, effector, and response to return variable to normal range.

  • What is a positive feedback loop?

    A feedback loop that reinforces the initial change and increases the output, often leading to a quick response.

  • Give an example of a positive feedback loop in the human body.

    Childbirth: uterine contractions increase until delivery, then the loop stops.

  • What is the principle of complementarity of structure and function?

    The form of a structure is such that it best suits its function at all levels of organization.

  • What role do gradients play in physiology?

    Gradients drive many physiological processes by moving substances from areas of higher to lower concentration or pressure.

  • How do cells communicate to maintain homeostasis?

    Cells use electrical signals and chemical messengers to coordinate body functions.

  • What is the function of serous membranes in body cavities?

    Serous membranes form double layers with fluid to lubricate organs and reduce friction.